OTHER DISESES OF THE BLADDER 203 



persistant cramp of the sphincter antl retention of the urine (retentio 

 iirinse). The treatment consists in friction in the region of the bladder, 

 luke-warm clysters to Avhich chloral hydrate may be added, subcutane- 

 ous injection of morphia and the administration of boldine. 



Neoformations of the Bladder. — The tumors of the bladder worth 

 special mention are papilloma villosum and the carcinoma papillomato- 

 des. The early symptoms are profuse hemorrhage which occurs from 

 time to time, producing acute anaemia and often causing death. These 

 tumors are generally associated with chronic cystitis. In the region of 

 the bladder we are sometimes able to detect these neoformations in the 

 form of a soft tumor-like mass and in rare instances we may find some 

 portions of the broken-down tissue in the urine. In some instances in- 

 stead of a solitary tumor we may find a diffuse mass spreading over the 

 wall of the bladder which on palpation feels like a hard irregular body. 

 Other pathological growths may be sarcoma, carcinoma or myoma. It 

 may be possible under very favorable circumstances, to remove these 

 tumors by means of cystotomy, but it is very rarely done, for generally 

 when we make the diagnosis the tumors have reached considerable size 

 and involve the entire bladder. 



Retroflection of the Bladder. — This condition may be found as a 

 result of constipation or disease of the prostate, and from constant strain- 

 ing and tension, a distended bladder may be retroverted and lie be- 

 tween the rectum and the prostate and may cause the development 

 of a perineal hernia. If pressure is made on the soft fluctuating hernial 

 tumor, the animals are apt to place themselves in a position to urinate. 

 The treatment consists in attempting to remove the original cause by 

 means of laxatives, warm baths, rectal enemas (see Diseases of the 

 Prostate) . If these methods do not succeed and the distention of the blad- 

 der becomes very pronounced, first try to empty the bladder by means of 

 the catheter and if that cannot be accomplished, on account of the twist 

 in the urethra, then empty the bladder by means of a trocar; the punc- 

 ture is to be made in the upper part of the tumor. Generally when the 

 bladder is emptied it falls back into position, but the condition may re- 

 turn if the exciting causes return. To obtain a permanent fixture of 

 the bladder, we must perform cystopexia (after Hendrix). This con- 

 sists in making an incision into the abdominal wall on one side of the 

 penis as near the median line as possible; insert the finger into the cavity 

 and return the bladder to its normal position and suture it to the ab- 

 dominal wall, so that the centre of the posterior wall of the bladder will 

 .lie on the anterior margin of the pubis. 



Inflammation of the Urethra — Urethritis. — This is very rarely ob- 

 served, being invariably caused by some traumatism, calculus or other 

 foreign bodies, improper catheterization, injuiies during coitus (see 



