MINOR DISEASES OF THE BONES 



335 



Exarticulation. — Separate the soft parts exactly as in amputation 

 by means of a circular or flap operation. Then open the affected joint 

 by bending it, producing a tension of the ligaments which are located in 

 front of it; then cut through them with a bistoury. To get quicker 

 adhesion of the tissues it is best to scrape the cartilage on the face of the 

 articulation. Exarticulation is finished by separating the other liga- 

 ments and the capsule of the joint; then proceed exactly as we do in 

 ordinary amputation. The operation of removal of the tail is taken 

 up later. 



Minor Diseases of the Bones. 



Other disease of the bones in the dog are of slight importance but 

 the following are mentioned: 



Fig. 109. Fig. 110. 



Fig. 109. — Skiagraph of osteosarcoma of the radius with opening in the upper part 



of the bone. 

 Fig. 110. — Skiagraph of the ulna with middle and lower third of the bone nearly gone. 



Osteomalacia. Softening of the Bone. — This condition has no con- 

 nection with rickets, but a softening of a l:)one after the bone has become 

 hard and perfectly formed. It is a question if this disease really ex- 

 ists in the dog. Zscholke states he has seen numbers of cases where 

 there was great loss in the substance of the bone, but at the articulatory 

 surfaces there was no evidence of rickets; another observer treated a dog 



