INJURIES OF THE JOINTS 349 



caused by the coronoid process pressing on the posterior portion of the 

 eye, it is bulged, causing what might be termed an incomplete prolapsus 

 of that organ. Other symptoms are salivation, great pain, restlessness, 

 blue coloration of the tongue. (For differential diagnosis of paralysis 

 of the lower jaw, see Diseases of the Mouth.) 



Therapeutic Treatment. — According to Stockfleth, the animal must 

 be held by an assistant. The best method is to hold him between the 

 legs and steady his head while the operator by means of a lever-like 

 action upon the lower jaw endeavors to reduce the dislocation. To 

 accomplish this, wrap a cloth around the hand, place the thumbs on 

 both teeth of the lower jaw, and by means of external pressure attempt 

 to reduce the bone into its normal condition. Another method which 

 the author finds is not so reliable, consists in placing a strong stick 

 between the jaws, as far back as possible, then by 

 pressure on the anterior portion of the jaws, allow- 

 ing the stick to act as a fulcrum, the jaw will 

 very often fly into position. In order to prevent 

 a recurrence of this, the dog for some time should 

 w^ear a particularly (Fig. 112) tight-fitting muz- 

 zle and should receive nothing but soft food. 



Dislocation of the Elbow. — In the dog the bone of the forearm 

 forms a pivot joint with the elbow. Each of these joints has a capsular 

 ligament. The upper is fitted with a ring-like band, and in the lower 

 portion the radius is kept in position by means of transverse ligaments. 

 A slight rotation of the radius may occur independent of the elbow-joint 

 itself. A dislocation of this articulation may occur from jumping 

 from tallies, chairs, falling from some height. In the former case the 

 bone of the forearm is dislocated backward and outward. In dislocation 

 of the lower pivot joint the bone of the forearm way project forward as 

 well as backward. If dislocation of the upper joint occurs in the dog, 

 the forearm is kept flexed; it becomes immobile in the elbow-joint, the 

 animal using three legs and carrying one in the air. The joint is wider, 

 and the dislocated portion of the forearm may be felt distinctly, also 

 more or less marked sensitiveness or swelling may be seen. If, on the other 

 hand, we have a certain amount of movement on extension of the elbow- 

 joint and great elasticity in the joint, too much for the normal condition, 

 the animal evinces great pain on movement. This dislocation is easily 

 corrected. The joint may be moved freely, but as soon as the animal 

 stands upon its feet again the displacement occurs. This is due to the 

 annular ligament, which holds the joint to the forearm in place, being 

 torn. If this dislocation is not reduced and left for some time, the leg 

 will be held constantly in a flexed position, and the animal will not use it. 



In cases of lower dislocation of the joint the animal walks upon 



