Deformities] 5" [Deformities 



born without tails ; though a good feature in 

 schipperke and bob-tail sheep dogs, one does 

 not like to see a pug or a dachshund without 

 a tail, and when he is good in all other points, 

 it is disappointing. A screw tail is objectionable 

 in all breeds except the bull-dog, and some people 

 object to it in these dogs. Absence of one or 

 both testicles. 



Treatment: Many cases of deformity may be 

 remedied by operation, but in others there is 

 nothing to be done. Inverted eyelids can be 

 cured by operation, an elliptical piece of skin and 

 also the muscle underneath being cut out immedi- 

 ately under the lower eyelid, when that one is 

 affected, or immediately over the upper eyelid, if 

 it is that one that is turned. The cutting is best 

 done with curved scissors, and should extend 

 nearly the whole length of the lid. As the 

 wound made heals, it draws the lid out. 



In-growing eyelashes must be plucked out 

 with forceps from time to time. Very often 

 as the puppy grows older and stronger, the 

 lashes assume a normal position, and cease to 

 be a trouble, but if they continue to turn in 

 after the dog is twelve months old, a similar 

 operation as for inverted eyelids is recommended, 

 but in these latter cases it is not necessary to 

 divide the muscle, but only the skin. Squinting 

 may be cured by operation, but it is not recom- 

 mended, as the defect does no harm, and with 

 Japanese spaniels, who often squint, it rather adds 

 to their quaintness. 



In cases of unnatural small eyes, which often 



