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the muscles regain their action. Sometimes, instead of the ends of 

 the bones uniting, they become covered with cartilage, and form what 

 is termed a false joint ; when this is the case it is best to have the 

 animal destroyed. 



84. Fractures are of six kinds, viz :- 



I — Simple. 



2 — Compound. 



3 — Compound Comminuted. 



4 — Complicated. 

 5 — Green Stick. 

 6— Impacted. 



85. Simple Fracture is when the bone is simply broken without 

 much injury to the flesh — a fracture only into two parts, and without 

 any external wound. 



86. Compound Fracture is where the bone has been broken 

 in an oblique manner, and the sharp ends, pointing up and down, 

 cut through the flesh and skin, and make an external wound. In the 

 horse, this is difficult to deal with, and the most humane course is to 

 have the animal destroyed. 



87. Compound Comminuted Fracture is where the bone is 

 broken or crushed into a great many pieces, and the connecting tissues 

 implicated; little or no good can be done in these cases. 



88. Complicated Fractures are where the fracture extends into 

 a joint, or wounds important organs, blood-vessels, &c. 



8g. Green Stick Fracture is a partial or deferred fracture, where 

 only part of the bone is partially broken (cracked). It is an incomplete 

 fracture, in which one side is broken, while the other holds together. 



go. Impacted Fracture is the jamming or driving in of one 

 fragment of bone into the other, without movement or crepitation. 



91. All the bones of the body are subject to fractures. When 

 we had the old horse thrashing machines, injuries to the bones of the 

 head were not uncommon. In pit horses, too, I have seen the frontal 

 and nasal bones delved in, and occasionally had to use the Trephine, to 



