a stick, and this may cause troublesome abscesses. Balls should never 

 be given on sticks. Use the hand, failing which, a balling gun, or a 

 balling iron, may be used. ' 



229. Lower Jaw, — The space between the corner nippers and the 

 first molar teeth, in young horses, when being broken in to work, is 

 frequently injured, by the use of a big heavy breaking bit, particularly 

 when the horse's head is bridled in too tight, and the bones at this part 

 are in many cases so much damaged that pieces flake off — exfoliate — 

 or have to be removed by an operation. The parts so injured must be 

 dressed once a day, with antiseptic lotion {see Appendix), and the bit 

 should be kept out of the mouth, until the parts are healed. 



230. The Tongue, which, in the horse, is much broader at the 

 point or apex than in the cow, has, in all animals, important functions 

 to perform, being the organ of taste, and also helping the animal to 

 swallow, &c. It is a fine, delicate, muscular organ, well supplied with 

 nerves, and extremely sensitive. It is very easily injured through ill- 

 treatment whilst being handled by ignorant people, when it is liable to 

 be torn, become paralyzed, and mortify ; or it may even be pulled out. 

 The entire horse, " Pickpocket," for instance, had his tongue torn away 

 while being given a ball. This happened on the groom taking hold 

 of the tongue, when the horse reared up, and left a large portion of 

 the tongue in the man's hands. On two occasions, I have had to cut 

 about four inches off the end of the tongue of a horse, through its being 

 damaged ; one being too much pulled on giving a ball, the other by 

 putting on a twitch. In each case the member was partially paralyzed, 

 and hung out of the mouth, and was so much nipped and bitten by 

 the front teeth — incisors — that it became quite black, and mortified. 

 It was cut off at the line of demarcation, and did well ; but afterwards, 

 on drinking, both animals plunged their heads up to the eyes in water 

 before they could suck any up. 



231. Glossitis, or inflammation of the tongue, ma}' be due to injuries 

 of various kinds, such as putting a twitch on the tongue — -which ought 

 never to be done, — or giving strong medicinal agents, undiluted. 

 Inflammation of the tongue may also arise from some unforseen cause, 



