io6 



were passed within fourteen days, being found among the faeces. The 

 largest one is 6h inches in circumference, very smooth, and quite 

 round. The cob has never had an}' medicine. 



264. CalcuH are of three kinds, viz. : — Phosphatic, Oathair, and Mixed. 

 The Phosphatic are those described above ; the Oathair, very large, 

 and oblong in shape, are made up almost entirely of the beard of 

 grain, are much convoluted, and are known as the " Mulberry" ; 

 whilst the Mixed partake of the nature of both the foregoing, but are 

 of various shapes and sizes, and only slightly convoluted. 



265. Constipation is due to the large bowel becoming impacted 

 with food, when the intestine loses tone and becomes partially paralysed. 

 We may have it with or without flatulence. One of the greatest 

 causes of constipation I have met with in the horse is a slight feed of 

 new grass or clover — fog partially dried. The indications are slight 

 colicky pains ; the animal lies down, and may remain quiet for three 

 or four hours, occasionally screwing itself on its belly, getting up, 

 stretching, and standing with the hind legs well backwards, taking a bite 

 of food now and again, when the spasm of pain returns. Treatment ; 

 A draught of from three to five drachms of aloes (according to the 

 animal's size), in solution, mixed with one pint of linseed oil, is the 

 best remedy. This should be accompanied by warm water injections 

 given every two hours. In all cases of bowel complication, the 

 sj'mptoms at the onset are very much alike, and the great point is to 

 get the animal relieved from pain as soon as possible, by administering 

 sedatives, such as opium, chlorodyne, chloral, or, best of all, hypodermic 

 injections of morphine and atropine. I have found the following to 

 answer admirably : — carbonate of ammonia, chloral hydrate, four 

 drachms each ; carbolic acid (B.P.), 30 drops; mix, and make into a 

 ball, with the aid of linseed meal (see Appendix), and administer every 

 four or six hours, if necessary. 



266. Diarrhoea, or Purging. — This is a fluid or semi-fluid discharge 

 of the contents of the bowels, and may be acute, siib-ncnie, and intennittent. 

 Acute Diarrhoea in the horse is very rare, but very dangerous, and 



