ii6 



whole abdominal cavity. It has strong muscular bands running in 

 the walls, in various directions, to assist and control its actions, and 

 is very strong; It is also lined with cuticular membrane, which is 

 studded all over with little projections, or papillae. 



289. The Second Stomach, The Honeycomb (Plate XXII., B.C.), 

 which is the smallest of the four stomachs, is also lined with cuticular 

 membrane, that is pitted all over with little cells, giving it a resemblance 

 to honeycomb, and is covered with papillae. This stomach acts as a 

 sort of sifting machine, as in it we find sand, stones, nails, pins, needles, 

 and all sorts of foreign bodies — sifted out of the food before being sent 

 to the third stomach. 



290. The Third Stomach, The Manyplies (Plate XXIL, B.D.), 

 has its lining membrane arranged in a peculiar manner, forming a 

 large number of leaves, or folds, hence its name, Psalteriiim or Omasum — 

 manyfolds, or manyplies. The leaves run lengthwise, and extend 

 from one end to the other, one border being free, while the other is 

 attached to the wall of the stomach. Between the large leaves there 

 are smaller ones, all being covered with small projections, or papillae. 

 The function of this stomach is to press and triturate the food before 

 it passes into the fourth stomach. 



291. The Fourth Stomach, The Abomasum (Plate XXIL, B.E.), is 

 the true digestive stomach, and in the calf it is much the largest. The 

 interior presents the appearance of large folds, running lengthwise 

 over its surface, and this mucous membrane is soft, velvety, and of 

 a pale pink hue. Here the food is chemically acted upon, as described 

 in paragraph 224 — No. 5, Lecture V. 



292. Rumination, or Chewing the Cud. — This process consists 

 of returning the coarsely masticated food, stored in the Rumen, back 

 into the mouth, to be there re-masticated and properly mixed with saliva. 

 Some portions of the food are returned several tmies, whilst others 

 only require one chewing. My view of rumination differs considerably 

 from that of some other writers, and is as follows: — The animal fills the 

 paunch with food of various kinds, principally of a bulky nature, taking 



