154 



ounces to fill the cavity. The horse in question has done well for 

 years, and still wears the gutta-percha tooth. The tooth opposite, in 

 the lower jaw, is kept down by rasping, every three or four months. 



357. Wolf Teeth are found in the upper jaw, immediately in front 

 of the first pre-molars, and are generally thrown off, when the horse, 

 rising three years old, casts the crowns of the two first pre-molars, but 

 I have seen them in aged animals. I, however, consider them as only 

 rudimentary, and, in my opinion, they do no harm. 



358. Parrot-mouthed animals are known by the upper jaw being 

 much longer in front, overlapping the lower, when the teeth in the 

 latter become elongated from not meeting the wear of the upper teeth, 

 and, in time, injure the bars or gums of the upper jaw. These cases 

 have to be closely watched, and the teeth dressed when necessary. 

 Sheep seem to be most subject to this peculiar formation. 



CATTLE. 



359. The Cow, which I shall take as my illustrative type, has eight 

 incisors, or, as is now taught, six incisors and two canine teeth, which 

 are shovel-shaped, and with well-defined necks (par. 287) ; but they 

 are found in the lower jaw only, and are ahmys loose in their sockets, the 

 upper jaw being provided with a cartilaginous pad. 



360. The shedding of teeth in cattle is very irregular, varying fully 

 six months in their development, according to the breed, and mode 

 of feeding, but the following may be taken as a fair average :— At 

 birth (i) a calf may have from two to six incisors and two canine in 

 the lower jaw, and twelve pre-molars (three on each side, above and 

 below), all of which are temporary or milk teeth. About six months 

 after birth (2) the fourth tooth, or first permanent molar makes its 

 appearance ; at from fifteen to sixteen months (3) the fifth tooth, or 

 second permanent molar is seen ; and at tii'o years (4) the sixth tooth, 

 or third permanent molar is through. About this period (5) the 

 temporary, first and second inferior, and first superior pre-molars 

 are thrown off", and six permanent teeth take their place. The first 

 inferior pre-molar is very like a wolf tooth in the horse. The second 



