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be frightened to move, the elbows are turned out, and the ribs are as 

 stationary as possible. The breathing, which is ver)' hurried, is for the 

 most part carried on by the abdominal muscles, thus causing a ridge or 

 line — the pleuritic line — from the elbow point to the haunch-bone. If 

 made to move, the animal groans with pain ; the eyelids are red, the 

 nose is poked out, and the pulse is full and strong. At times, a painful 

 frightened cough is emitted. When both surfaces of the pleurae are 

 involved in the inflammatory action, bands of fibrin are formed between 

 the lungs and the walls of the chest. This formation will take place 

 in the space of from thirty to forty hours, while the chest becomes full 

 of water, on one or both sides, producing the condition known as 

 hydro-thorax. At first, the Treatment to be adopted is similar to 

 that given under piuinnonia, (par. 511.) 



513. Hydro-thorax, or water in the chest, sometimes arises from 

 attacks of Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Heart Disease, and 

 Pleurisy. The symptoms are somewhat analogous to those 

 observed in Pleurisy, but, on applying the ear to the lower portion 

 of the neck, just above the breast bone, the water can generally be 

 distinctly heard splashing in the chest. The animal is much oppressed 

 and stands with the elbows pointing outwards, and at times the limbs 

 are swollen. Treatment : Relief is best obtained by tapping the 

 chest with a trocar and canula [Plate LI., No. 5), and drawing off the 

 fluid (but this should only be attempted by a qualified practitioner), 

 following up the operation by the administration of iodine and iron 

 tonics {see Appendix), combined with suitable dmretics, good nutritious 

 food, and plenty of fresh air. 



514. In all acute cases of chest affections, on account of the horse's 

 breast -bone being set vertically, the animal will not lie down for fear 

 of suffocation, so that as the case progresses, lying down is a good sign. 

 Cattle, on the other hand, having a flat sternum, or breast-bone, and 

 joints at the lower end of the ribs as well, can lie down throughout 

 the whole attack. 



515. Asthma, or Broken Wind. — This is by no means so common 

 as it used to be. It may be said to exist in two forms. The first of 



