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removal of the matter. The operation being completed, the bladder is 

 washed out with tepid water and a small quantity of tincture of iron. 

 Should any constitutional disturbance arise it must be combated with 

 fever medicine, and if necessary, hot water blankets or porridge poultices 

 can be applied to the loins (see Inflammation of the Kidney, par. 712). 



720. Calculi or Stones are sometimes found in the bladder, urethra, 

 and kidney ; they may form in the kidneys and pass down the ureters 

 into the bladder, or they may accumulate in the bladder itself. One or 

 more stones may be found sticking in the neck of the bladder, or in the 

 urethra, causing retention of the urine, and, if not removed, may 

 probably cause rupture of the bladder. The horse and dog are most 

 often affected with these troublesome concretions. Symptoms. — These 

 are somewhat like those of retention of the urine. In some cases the 

 animal may be urinating fully and freely, when all at once, the flow is 

 arrested — the horse making frequent attempts to stale, groaning and 

 straining, but only managing to pass a few drops. On examination, by 

 the rectum, calculi are at times found, crowding around, especially in 

 the neck of the bladder; these by manipulation with the fingers in the 

 rectum, may be displaced, and the animal relieved. Sometimes a calculus 

 gets into the urethra, where it sticks a few inches below the anus ; it 

 can be seen and felt at the point of stoppage, the parts above bulging 

 out, while the urine trickles down the thighs. With a little labour the 

 stone may be worked back into the bladder, the action being assisted 

 by gently passing up the catheter, or it may get so far down near the 

 end of the penis, that it can be cut down upon and removed. When 

 calculi in the bladder of the horse give rise to pain and inconvenience, 

 they have to be extracted by an operation called lithotomy. In this 

 operation, the animal is cast and tied much in the same way as for 

 castration ; the passage is cut into below the anus, and with suitable 

 instruments, the stones are removed, either whole or crushed. 



721. Bulls, Rams, and Wethers, when too largely fed on 

 mangold-wurzels, or turnips grown with superphosphate alone, suffer 

 from accumulations of white crystals — the animonic-magnesiuni-phosphates 

 ■ — in the bladder and urethral passage. When a bull is fed to an 

 excess on mangolds, it invariably proves unfruitful. I think this is 



