352 



same time supply the necessary normal constituents to the tissues. Alteratives 

 have been in common use for ages past. The best of all the alteratives are, 

 however, plenty of fresh air, proper ventilation and drainage, good sweet food, 

 and clean bedding ; also clipping, exercise, and good grooming in winter. Raw 

 linseed oil and cod liver oil, from half-an-ounce to two ounces, given once a day, 

 have a splendid alterative action on horses and cows. For Sheep, one-fourth of 

 the quantity may be given. Grass and other green foods are the best alteratives 

 during summer. Winter, however, is the time when alterative medicines are 

 usually given to the Horse. As an alterative for the Pig give one drachm each of 

 carbonate of soda and flowers of sulphur can be given daily in the food. For 

 the Dog the dose ought to be one to two drachms of Parrish's syrup, or Fellow's 

 syrup of hypophosphites. 



1003. An.iisihetics are agents that produce insensibility, and control muscular 

 action, and may be said to act both generally and locally. General Anesthetics 

 produce insensibility by the inhalation through the nostrils of the fumes of 

 Nitrous Oxide, Chloroform, and iExHER, or a mixture of the two latter. 

 Local AniTsthctics produce non-sensitiveness in the parts to which they are applied. 

 A five per cent, solution of Cocaine, applied with a brush or cotton wool, 

 answers best. Carbolic acid, aconite and extreme cold are also occasionally used. 



1004. Anodynes relieve pain, and act both locally and generally. The local agents 

 are for outward application, and are many, such as hot and cold water 

 applications, belladonna, cocaine, menthol, tar, carbolic acid, blisters, &c. The 

 general agents are either given by the mouth or— hypodermically— by the skin. 

 Those most generally given by the mouth are opium, chloral hydrate, spirits, 

 also turpentine, and, hypodermically, morphia and atropine. 



C005. Anthelmintics, Vermicides, and Vermifuges, are worm annihilators and 

 expellers. The Vermicides are supposed to kill the worms, while the Vermifuges 

 purge the parasites from the inside wall of the bowels and expel them. Green 

 food in the early summer months is a good vermifuge — particularly for Bots in 

 the horse. 



1006. Antiseptics retard and prevent the development of disease-producing germs, 

 while disinfectants kill them outright, therefore an antiseptic cannot take 

 the place of a disinfectant, but certain disinfectaats, when diluted, will act 

 as antiseptics. Antiseptics act both extniiallv and internally, but in the latter 

 case they are very uncertain in their action, as disease-producing germs 

 are difficult to deal with when present within the living body. Common 

 salt, hyposulphite of soda, and quinine are amongst the best and safest 

 antiseptics for internal use. External antiseptic agents are numerous. CarboHc 

 acid is the agent mostly used in veterinary practice, when diluted — say one 



