37 « 



of the stifle joint on which the animal is lying, the other two corners of the sack 

 should be one above the root of the tail and the other behind the thigh. The four 

 corners of the sack are then tied securely together with a strong rope over the 

 upper quarter. Hook the ropes on the pulley-block and raise up, supporting 

 the under quarter with bundles of straw or bags of chaff. 



1095. Thermometer Reading. — The clinical thermometer should be in the possession 

 of every owner of stock ; by its use the state of the body is best indicated. The 

 mercury in the instrument is shaken down to 95 degrees. The mercury 

 end of the thermometer is then introduced into the rectum of the animal 

 and held there for three minutes, unless the instrument has a special 

 registration period. The Fahrenheit registration of the thermometer is most 

 commonly in use, but the Centigrade is also given. The normal temperatures 

 of healthy animals are as follow : — 



FAHRENHEIT CENTIGRADE. 



Horse .. .. loo-ioi .. .. 377 — 38-3, 



Cow .. .. 101-102 .. .. 383 — 3S'8. 



Sheep . . . . 103-104 . . . . 394 — 40'0. 



Pig .. .. 102-103 •• •• 38 8— 39-4- 



Dog .-. .. 101-102 .. .. 383 — 38-8. 



Cat .. .. Too-ioi .. .. 377— 38-3- 



Poultry, .. .. 105-106 ., .. 405— 4i"i. 



1096. Tracheotomy, or opening into the trachea, or wind-pipe. This operation is of 

 great service in bad cases of roaring, or when there is difficulty in breathing from 

 the formation of abscesses around the throat, as in strangles. The operation is 

 very simple. An opening is made through the skin and fiesh into the wind-pipe 

 about nine to twelve inches from the angle of the throat, and a tube is put into 

 the opening. (Plate LI , Fig. 7). Sometimes the wind-pipe is slit open, and at. 

 others a piece about the size of a 'shilling is removed, and the tube inserted. 

 The tube has to be removed and thoroughly cleaned two or three times a week. 



1097. Twitch. — This may be looked upon as a mechanical anaesthetic, when put on 

 the tip of the nose and upper lip, or the ear. It has a wonderful effect in keeping 

 the horse quiet, and when used numerous minor operations can be performed 

 without much trouble. The ordinary mode of making a twitch is by boring a hole 

 through the end of a piece of wood — a portion of a stable-fork shank — about 18 

 to 24 inches long, putting a piece of cord through the hole and knotting the two 

 ends together, the cord is then fixed on the upper lip and tip of the nose and 

 twisted up to get a firm hold. 



