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paries, a wall. Irish : viiotintas chàisil {càisiol, any stone build- 

 ing), the wall-mint. For iuionnias, see Mentha. 



Humulus lupulus — Hop. Gaelic and Irish : his an leanna — 

 liivm /iiil>/i, the ale or beer plant. Lionn, leann (Welsh, Ihyn) 

 beer, ale. 



Ulmus — Elm. Celtic : ailni. The same in Anglo-Saxon, 

 Teutonic, Gothic, and nearly all the Celtic dialects. Hebrew : 

 n'px, elali. translated oak, terebinth, and elm. 



U. campestris — Gaelic and Irish : leamhan, slani/ian (Shaw), 

 liobhan. Welsh : Ihuyfen. According to Pictet, in his work, 

 ' Les Origines Indo-Europeennes ou les Aryas Primitifs,' p. 221, 

 " To the Latin : ' Ulmus ' the following bear an affinity (re- 

 spond) — Sax.ii"//;;;. Scand.: almr. Old German: elm. Rus.: 

 ilemu. Polish : ihna. Irish : ailm, uilm, and by inversion, 

 ^ leamh^ or ^ leamhan.'' '^ He says the root is ?//, meaning to 

 burn. The tree is called from the finality of it, " to be burned." 

 That is his opinion, and he is probably right. The common 

 idea of leainhan is that it is from leamh, tasteless, insipid, from 

 the taste of its inner bark ; and liobh means smooth, slippery. 

 And the tree in Gaelic poetry is associated with or symbolic 

 of slipperiness of character, indecision. Cicely M 'Donald, who 

 lived in the reign of Charles II., describing her husband, wrote 

 as follows : — 



" Bu til' n t-iubhair as a choille, 



Bu tu' n darach daingean làidir, 

 Bu tu' n ciiileann, bu tu 'n droighionn, 



Bu tu' n t' abhall molach, blàth-mhor, 

 Cha robh meur annad do' n chritheann, 



Cha robh do dhlighe ri fearna, 

 Cha robh do chàir-dcas ri leamhaii, 



Bu tu leannan nam ban àluinn." 



Thou wast the yew from the wood, 



Thou wast the firm strong oak, 

 Thou wast the holly and the thorn, 



Thou wast the rough, pleasant apple, 

 Thou had'st not a twig of the aspen. 



Under no obligation to the alder, 

 And hadst no friendship with the dm. 



Thou wast the beloved of the fair. 



Ficus — Nearly the same in most of the European languages. 

 Greek : (jvyy]. Latin : ficus. Celtic : fige. 



F. carica — Common fig-tree. Gaelic and Irish : crann fige or 

 fighis. 



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