MANAGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS. 271 



care is needed to induce them to go forward. Gentle means 

 only must be employed. The chain or strap should be so 

 shortened as to prevent their turning round. As they some- 

 times injure themselves by struggling, it is needful that they 

 be carefully watched for a season. The roots are to be placed 

 in a low manger before them. It must always be remembered 

 that one of the essentials of success is, that the cattle must at 

 all times be well littered. 



Early in the morning the first operation to be performed is, 

 to remove the dung from behind the cattle, and to place the 

 roots in the stall, after having been previously prepared. While 

 the cattle are feeding, the dung is to be wheeled out of the 

 house and deposited in the yard or dung pit. When the roots 

 are eaten, good hay, well cured, should be placed before them, 

 and they being now littered, will soon lie down and chew the 

 cud. 



At mid-day they are again to be fed as before; and again be- 

 fore sunset; a sufficient quantity of provender being placed be- 

 fore them after each meal; and, finally, whenever it can be 

 done with perfect safety, the farmer or keeper, before retiring 

 for the night, should examine them to see that all is right, stir 

 their litter, and if necessary place more provender before them. 

 Under this system the cattle will be fully fed, and induced, 

 during the intervals of feeding, to lie down. Early in the 

 morning the same process re-commences and the utmost 

 regularity is to be observed in these operations, for the ani- 

 mals know the precise time of feeding, and become restless 

 when it is not observed. Careful feeders currycomb their 

 cattle, and in all cases are exceedingly particular that the skin 

 is kept free from vermin or other impurity. Low. 



The first point, therefore, to be observed, is the comfort of 

 accommodation which embraces security, perfect shelter, 

 a sufficient degree of warmth, and an abundant supply of dry 

 litter. A moderate degree of healthful ventilation is recom- 

 mended. The next point is strict regularity in the admin- 

 istration of food. The periods may be regulated as the feeder 

 thinks proper, both as to time and quantity, but when once 

 adopted, must not be deviated from, for reasons previously 

 assigned. Nothing is found more conducive to the fattening 

 of animals than perfect quietude every means therefore should 

 be used to induce rest, ease, and contentment. The periods of 

 feeding recommended above is sufficient, as digestion is inter- 

 rupted by too frequent feeding. The quantity should be mode- 

 rate that is, the animal should not be cloyed he should have as 

 much as he can eat with a relish, but no more. The last point 

 to be observed is thorough cleanliness. The houses should 



