May 1, 1888.] 



♦ KNO\VLEDGE ♦ 



163 



of some historians respectiDg the universal extermination of 

 subject races in these ishinds be accepted, some traces of 

 such a folk are not to be confined to the Basque district, 

 and in proof of this we hare indications of their presence 

 nearer home. There are in many parts of Ireland, of the 

 Highlands of Scotland, and the Western Isles, traces by no 

 means infrequent of a short, black-haired, long-headed 

 stock, described as having a strange foreign look, of whom 

 the late Mr. Campbell of Islay, in his remarkable collection 

 of tales gathered orally in the West Highlands, gives a 

 typical example. He says, " Behind the tire sat a girl with 

 one of those strange foreign faces which are occasionally to 

 be seen in the Western Isles — a face which reminded me of 

 the Nineveh sculptures and of faces seen in St. Sebastian. 

 Her hair was as black as night, and her clear dark eyes 

 glittered through the peat smoke. Her complexion was 

 dark, and her features so unlike those who sat about her 

 that I asked if she were a native of the island, and learned 

 that she was a Highland girl." * Neither is the swarthy 

 type absent from England and Wales, not only in ancient 

 Siluria (comprising Glamorganshire, Brecknock, Monmouth, 

 &c.), but in some parts of East Anglia, also in the south- 

 west, and even in the Midland Counties, in which last, with 

 their traces of the predominant intiuence of the Saxon and 

 Danish conquerors, we might expect to find only a fair- 

 haired and light com plexioned folk. •■When we consider 

 the many invasions of strangers, and the oscillations to and 

 fro of difierent peoples, it is impossible not to realise the 

 strange persistence of the race. Through nil the troubles 

 which followed the conquest of Gaul by C.-esar, and of 

 Britain by Claudius, through all the terrible events which 

 accompanied the downfoll of the Roman Empire, causing 

 the Britons to be exterminated over a large part of England, 

 and the almost total extinction of the ancient type of 

 Roman in Italy, the Iberian lived, and still is found in his 

 ancient seats, with physique scarcely altered, and oflering a 

 strong contrast to the fair-haired Celtic, Belgic, and 

 German invaders. The Iberian race is known to the 

 ethnologist and historian merely in fragments, sundered 

 from each other by many invasions and settlements of the 

 Aryan race. It is shown b}- the researches into caves and 

 tombs to have been in possession of the whole of Europe 

 north and west of the Rhine in the Neolithic age, and has 

 been traced by Dr. Yirchow into Germany and Denmark." f 

 Next in succession to it is the Celtic immigration, the 

 invasion of Britain by tall, round-headed, fair-haired, large- 

 limbed men, bringing with them a mighty motor power in 

 human progress in their knowledge of the use of the metal 

 bronz? which they had acquired along the route. These 

 Celts were divided into two groups, the one, and the earliest 

 to cro.ss the sea and repeat the conquest of Gaul in the con- 

 quest of Britain, being the Gaidhelic or Gaelic, formerly 

 written by themselves Goidel. From this branch, the 

 Goidelic, are descended the people in Ireland, the Isle of 

 Man, and the Northern Highlands, who speak Gaelic. The 

 second group, the Brythonic, from Brython, the Welsh 

 form of Briton, are the ancestors of the Welsh people and 

 the Britons, the ancient Gauls being also included with 

 them, since the Brythons were Gauls who came over to 

 settle here. To one of these two branches every Celt 

 belongs. 



The remains of these Celtic and of the pre-Celtlc peoples 

 indicate what befell the latter. The round barrows of the 

 wolds of Yorkshire contain about an equal proportion of the 

 .skeletons of long-shaped and round-shaped skulls, pointing 

 to intermai'riage and generally friendly relations between 



the tn'o ; but in the southern parts of the i>land the round- 

 headed type is dominant, pointing to the expulsion of the 

 pre- Celtic. 



{To he concluded.) 



* " Tales ot the West Highlands," iii. 14 1. 

 t Boyd Dawkins's " Early Man in Britain,' 



p. .S31. 



Emin I'dfilia in Central Africa. Being a Collection of his 

 Letters and Journals. Translated by Mrs. R. W. Felki.\. 

 (Geo. Philip ct Sons.) — Pending the arrival of Stanley's 

 relief expedition the world is longing to know all it can 

 about the brave and unselfish Emin, and his friends have 

 exercised a wise discretion in publishing the letters and 

 extracts from journals which he has sent to various 

 correspondents during the past ten years. To future 

 generations, when time shall have given its truer propor- 

 tion to events which are yet too near us for right focus, 

 there will, we think, be no more striking and dramatic 

 figures of our day than Gordon at Khartum and bis trusted 

 friend Emin, who happily survives to maintain firm and 

 bloodless rule in Central Africa, protecting his people from 

 the slave-hunter, and refusing to desert them at the prospect 

 of approaching relief. In the last letter which this book 

 gives, dated Wadelai, April 17, 1887, he tells Dr. Felkin 

 that he will not leave his post. " If the people in Great 

 Britain thiok that as soon as Stanley or Thomson comes I 

 shall return with them, they greatly err. I have passed 

 twelve years of my life here, and would it be right of me to 

 desert my post as soon as the opening for escape presented 

 itself? For twelve lorg years I have striven and toiled, 

 and sown the seeds for future harvests, laid down the 

 foundation-stones for future buildings. Shall I now give 

 up the work because a way may soon open to the coast ? 

 Never . . . All we would ask England to do is to bring 

 about a better understanding with Uganda, and to provide 

 us with a free and safe way to the coast. This is all we 

 want. Evacuate our territory ? Certainly not I " * And 

 this is the man to whom our late poltroon Government 

 permitted the Egyptian Government to "give the sack," 

 to put it plainly, in the early part of 1886. "It is," 

 Emin says, " a cool business despatch in the fullest 

 sense of the term, not acknowledging by a single word 

 the cares I have borne for three years, my fights with 

 Dangola and negroes, my hunger and nakedness, not 

 giving me a word of encouragement in the superhuman 

 task of leading home the soldiers, which now lies before me. 

 However, I am accustomed to this sort of thing. In the years 

 1878-80, during which the river was blocked for twenty-two 

 months, I held the country and people together, and showed 

 for the first time that we could maintain ourselves by our 

 own strength without any supplies from Khartum, and not 

 only did I spare the Government expense at this time, but 

 also proved practically that the province could, under an 

 honest administration, yield a surplus. . . . Yet, who has 

 given me even a word?" Emin, "the Faithful" (faith 

 justified by works, in this case) is the Turkish name which, 

 to smooth his intercourse with the Mohammedans, was 

 adopted by Eduard Schnitzer, who was born in 1840 at 

 Oppeln in Silesia. He became a student of medicine, and 

 his passion for travel and love of natural history carried 

 him to Turkey, where he procured an appointment on the 

 staff of the Yali of Asia Minor, and ultimately entered the 

 Egyptian service, being sent to Khartum, and thence, as 

 the chief medical officer of the Equatorial province, of which 



* Since this notice was written, a letter appears in the Timrs of 

 April 10, under date Wadelai, August IC, 1887, from Emin Pashi, 

 expressing the same firm resolve. 



