July 2, 1888.] 



♦ KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



215 



THE FACE OF THE SKY FOR JULY. 



By F.R.A.S. 



minute anil rare are tlie spots on the sun's disc 

 that they arc not worth looking for. For the first 

 tliree weeks there is no real night in any part of 

 the British Islands. The face of the night sky will 

 he found delineated on map vii. of " The Stars in 

 their Seasons.'' Mercury is practically invisible 

 at the beginning of the month, but becomes a 

 morning star after the 0th, and on the 29th attains 

 liis greatest elongation west of tlie sun (19° 27'); 

 at the end of July he may be seen before sunrise in the ENE. 

 Venus is, to all intents and purposes, invisible. M.ars is dwindling 

 to a mere big red star. When viewed in a sufficiently powerful tele- 

 scope it will be seen that his disc is gibbous and not circuhir; but 

 very little of his superticial detail can be made out. He is a little 

 to the north-west of Spica Virginis ("The Stars in their Seasons," 

 map v.). Jupiter must be looked for as close to the meridian as 

 possible, as he is very low down even at his transit. He is to the 

 WNW. of A Libra; (" The Stars in their Seasons," map vi.). The 

 certainly visible phenomena of his satellites are very few. On the 

 1st, satellite ii. will be eclipsed at lOh. 57m. 27s. p.m. On the 2nd, 

 satellite i. will enter on to the planet's disc at 9h. 30m. r.M. ; 

 followed by its shadow at lOh. 2-tm. ; and will leave Jupiter's 

 opposite limb at llh. 43m. P.M. On the 3rd, satellite i. will re- 

 appear from eclipse at 9h. o2m. 2.5s. p.m. On the 6th, the egress of 

 the shadow of satellite iii. will occur at lOh. 53m. P.M. On the 9tb, 

 satellite i. will begin its transit at llh. 19m. p.m. On the 13th, 

 the egress of satellite iii. will happen at lOh. 3Jm. p.m. On the 

 17th, satellite i. will be occulted at lOh. 25m.; and the egress of 

 the shadow of satellite ii. take place at llh. 5m. p.m. On the 18th, 

 the egress of satellite i. at 9h. 49m. will be followed by that of its 

 shadow at lOh. 56ni. P.M. Lastly, on the 25th, sa'ellite i. will 

 begin its transit at llh. 27m. P.M. Satur;i and Neptune have both 

 left us until almost the beginning of winter. Uranus may be 

 picked up as soon as ever it is dark enough a little to the south of a 

 line joining 7 and 6 Virginis (" The Stars in their Seasons," map v.). 

 The moon enters her last quarter at 3h. 52-6m. in the early morning 

 of the 1st, and is new at 6h. 6- 7m. A.M. on the 9th. She enters her 

 first quarter at Oh. 12-9m. P.M. on the 16th, is full at 5h. 45-lm. A.M. 

 on the 23rd, and enters her last quarter for the second time this 

 month at 8h. 29-6m. P.M. on the 30th. There will be a total eclipse 

 of the moon in the early morning of the 23rd, but very little of it 

 will be visible in this country, as the first contact with the earth's 

 shadow occurs at 3h. 55m. A.M. and the moon sets at Greenwich at 

 4h. 10m. Seven occultations of fixed stars by the moon occur at 

 more or less convenient hours for the observer during the present 

 month. They are as follows : — On the 17th |' Libra;, a star of the 

 6th magnitude, will disappear at the moon's dark limb, at 7h. 22m. 

 P.M., at an angle of 145° from her vertex, reappearing at 7h. 40m. 

 at her bright limb at an angle of 176° from her vertex. On the 

 18th 8 Libra;, a 4J- magnitude star, will disappear at the dark limb 

 of the moon, at 9h. 2m. P.M., at an angle of 8° from her vertex. It 

 will reappear at her bright limb, at 9h. 23m. P.M., at a vertical 

 angle of 339°. On the 19th B.A.C. 5,700, of the 6i magnitude, will 

 disappear at the dark limb, at lOh, 26m. p.m., at an angle of 142° 

 from the vertex of the moon, reappearing at her bright 

 limb, at llh. 14m. p.m., at an angle of 232° from her vertex. 

 On the 21st Sagitarii, a star of the 4th magnitude, will 

 disappear at the dark limb of the moon 42 minutes after midnight, 

 at an angle of 173° from her vertex ; and reappear at her bright 

 limb at Ih. 15m. the next morning at an angle from her vertex of 

 235°. On the 23rd, 20 Capricorni, a 6th magnitude star, will dis- 

 appear at the bright limb at 9h.35m. P.M., at an angle of 64°fromthe 

 vertex of the mocn. It will reappear at her dark limb at lOh. 46ra. 

 P.M., at a vertical angle of 269°. On the 25th, 74 Aquarii, another 

 6th magnitude star, will disappear at the bright limb of the moon 

 57m. after midnight, at an angle of 80° from her vertex. It will 

 not reappear at her dark limb until 2h. 11m. the next morning, at 

 an angle of 308° from her vertex. Lastly, on the 31st, / Tauri, a 

 star of the fourth magnitude, will disappear at the bright limb of 

 the moon at llh. 44m. p.m., at an angle from her vertex of 25°, and 

 reappear at her dark limb 22m. after midnight, at a vertical angle 

 of 297°. When these notes commence, the moon is in Cetus (" The 

 Seasons Pictured," plate xxii.), out of which she passes at 7 o'clock 

 in the evening into Pisces. She is travelling through Pisces until 

 the same hour to-morrow evening, when she again plunges into the 

 northernmost outlier of Cetus ; and when she finally emerges 

 from this at 4h. p.m. on the 3rd, it is to enter Aries (" The 

 Seasons Pictured," plate xxiii.). By 2h. 30m. P.M. on the 

 4th, she has crossed Aries and entered Taurus. In the course 

 of her journey over Taurus, she arrives at Ih. 30m. P.M. on the 



7tli at tlie western edge of the most northerly part of Orion. By 

 Ih. .\.M. on the 8th she has traversed this, and come out in Gemini 

 (" The Seasons Pictured," plate xxiv.). She leaves Gemini for 

 Cancer at lOh. v.u. on the lith, and Cancer, in turn, for Leo at noon 

 oa the 11th. It takes her until 4h. a.m. on the 14th to traverse 

 Leo, and she then enters Virgo (" The Seasons Pictured," plate xxv.). 

 Her journey across Virgo finishes at 8h. A.M. on the 17th, when she 

 passes into Libra (" The Seasons Pictured," plate xxvi.). Her path 

 through Libra brings her at midnight on the 18th to the western 

 edge of the narrow northern spike of Scorpio ; and when, by 

 9 o'clock the next morning, she has crossed this it is to emerge in 

 Ophiuchus. She passes out of Ophiuchus into Sagittarius at Oh. 

 P.M. on the 20th, and from Sagittarius into Capricornus at 2h. 30m. 

 A.M. on the 23rd ("The Seasons Pictured," plate xxi.). At 

 llh. 30m. P.M. on the 24th she leaves Capricornus for Aquarius. 

 She remains in Aquarius until midnight on the 26th, and then quits 

 it for Pisces ("The Seasons Pictured," plate xxii.). She passes from 

 Pisces into Cetus at 7h. P.M. on the 27th, re-entering Pisces at 5h. 

 A.M. on the 29th, only to pass again into Cetus at 2ii. A.M. on the 

 30th. When she finally quits Cetus at 9 o'clock that night she 

 enters Aries. She is in Aries until lOh. P.M. on the 31st, .and then 

 enters Taurus ("The Seasons I'ictured," plate xxiii.). There we 

 leave her. 



(Buv C!)f£isi Columiu 



By " Mephisto." 



THE following position occurred in a game recently played be- 

 tween Zukertort and Gunsberg : — 



GUNSBEnO. 

 Black. 



r^fii ^ ^ K1 ^ 'f^ 



s 



t. 



m 1 ^ tl „ it 



WnrrE. 

 ZUKERTORT. 

 White played 



22. Q to B2 



which obtains a strong advantage in position ; he threatens to win 

 the Queen by 1! to Ktii. Q to K5 is no good, as White can attack 

 the Queen by Kt to B3. 



Black replied 22. Q to Qsq 



which was not his best defence, as it increased the difficulties of the 

 position by cramping his game still more. Kt to Qsq was better ; 

 if then 23. B to Kt6, Q to K5 ; 24. Kt to B3, Q to B3. 



23. B to Kt6 23. Q to Ksq 



24. B to QB5 24. Kt to K2 



25. P to KKt4 2.5. K to Ksq 



26. B to Q6 26. Q to Qsq 

 To prevent White playing Q to Kt6 



27. Kt to Qt 27. B to E5 



The sole idea of this move is to tempt White into advancing his 

 Pawns on the Queen's side, thereby loosening his position and 

 making a counter attack possible. The position, however, also 

 required as a necessary accompaniment that Black should play 

 K to Rsq. Not with a view to permanently defend the weak 

 Rook's Pawn, but for the temporary purpose of enabling Black to 

 bring his pieces into play, especially his Knight on Bsq, and to give 

 up the KRP at a time when, by playing away the defending Book, 

 he should obtain some chance of a counter attack. 



28. P to Kt3 28. B to Qsq 



29. K to Kt2 29. B to Q2 



30. P to B4 30. P X P 



31. BxP 31. Q to Kt3 



Black seizes a desperate chance to bring his pieces into play if 



