KNO^VLEDGE 



nature, for while a clctri . 

 within reach of the few 

 (after liome study, clulj | 



along with n: 

 Taking ver 



la 



nd - 



e to say that " The 



Counties' C'li. - 



.standing, and \. > ;h1 to give certificates o: 



attained profii-ii m \ :;: ■ '■ ■ i tmirnament, and sucl 



certlticates could be rMin : : '■■'■. i.^^ii, m. -ly. nf iIk 



club to which the per>"ii 1 ' i i!.i.il,ly 



in some way, be known : i [ ,;,,,., 



would appeal to the gennjt |.i)ii,i , i.. . ..n-uli i, r| ,,, \ .uiiiniic :H|ili 

 tional recommendations. In Lieimau;. Lln.-.^ hislii.-. ,i in.ui lu a u.sil'u 

 life; may U do so, and in a higher degree, in England! Th( 

 importance of the subject must be my apology for trespassing oi 

 your space.— I am, Sir, yours obediently, 



A. B. Skipwoeth, Hon. Sec, 



Counties' Chess Association. 

 Tetford Rectory, Sept. 5, 188.5. 



i¥lts!cellama* 



A STATEMENT has just appeared in the Cologne Gazette of tlie 

 cost of restoring and completing the great cathedral from 1823, 

 when the work was resumed after a neglect of nearly three-quarters 

 iif a century, down to April 1 of tlie i)rescut year. The amount, 

 inchiiling aemii i li-n i-n ■! l'^hjuki i, ;, l. i :,,:„ ■ i , , ii ia-dral tax, was 



-'1,000,000 ma I ■- ::- I i ndent of gifts 



uf valuable nl- 1' ■■ -ration of the 



building, and ..I , _ ; y, ,>.,;. i i; .-u- and funds for 



A BOBED tube well, 300 ft. deep, lined with extra strong wrought- 

 iron tubes from the surface to the chalk, has recently been completed 

 by Messrs. C. Isler & Co., on the premises of the Belfast and London 

 .Aerated Water Company, on Bankside. The chalk was reached at 

 204 ft. from the surface, after passing through 36 ft. of peat and 

 gravel, 75 ft. of London blue clay, 93 ft. of mottled clays and light 

 and brown sands with pebbles (Woolwich and Reading beds). 

 Many objectionable springs were met, especially in the gravel bed 

 overlying the London blue clay. These have been safely excluded 

 I'rom the well by means of the tabes, which are of even size, 

 driven some distance into the chalk, preventing therefore any 

 percolation from above. The supply is pumped direct from the 

 chalk springs, at the rate of 72,000 gallons per day, whereas deeper 

 wells, dug on the old principle, within a short distance, fail to yield 

 Mifficient quantities. 



A NEW Transalpine line, the St. Bernard Railway, is likely to 

 be commenced before very long, and to be, when completed, a 

 dangerous competitor for the through traffic with the already- 

 existing route of St. Gothard. One of the principal features of 

 the new project is that the indispensable tunnel under the Alps 

 — at the Col Ferret — will be very much shorter than any other, 

 cither constructed or proposed to be constructed. The length 

 will be only 9i kilometres (5} miles), while the Gothard tunnel 

 is 15, (9i miles), the Mont Cenia 12, and those under the Simplon 

 and Mont Blanc 20 and 19 kilom&tres respectively. The total 

 length of the St. Bernard line will be but 138 kilometres, or 86 

 miles, making a saving between London and Brindisi over the 

 St. Gothard route of 59i miles.— J?n?tneer. 



Concerning glass-making, the American Manufacturer says: — 

 " In the manufacture of glass fifty years ago 28 lb. of potash and 

 26 lb. of wood ashes were used to every 100 lb. of sand. The first 



n the potas 



h in an oven, and work it as 

 better results ; and this was 

 used with lime in about the same proportions as potash and wood 

 ashes above named. Soda ash was first used in New Jersey, but 

 its introduction in Western factories was very rapid, and the mix 

 was changed to 33 lb. soda ash and 201b. of lime to 100 lb. of sand. 

 The proportions vary greatly with circumstances and the quality 

 of the ingredients used. The following is a fair statement of the 

 mix now mostly used : Soda ash, 40 lb. ; lime, 30 1b.; sand, 1001b. 

 For salt cake, 33 lb. ; soda ash, 10 lb. ; lime, 33 lb. ; pulverised 

 charcoal, 2i lb. ; arsenic, li lb. ; sand, 100 lb. If the glass is 

 muddy, the charcoal is reduced ; if too green, charcoal is added 

 and arsenic reduced." 



Mr. R. A. Proctor's Lecture Tour. 



1. LIFE OF WORLDS 



2. THE SUN 



3. THE MOON 



4. THE UNIVERSE. 



5. COMETS AND METEORS 

 G. THE STAR DEPTHS 



7. VOLCANOES. 



8. THE GREAT PYRAMID. 



Each Lecture is profusely illustrated. 



Arrangements are now being made for the delivery of Lectures 

 by Mr. Proctor. Communications respecting terms and vacant 

 dates should be addressed to the Manager of the Tour, Mr. JOHN 

 STUART, Royal Concert Hall, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 



Sept. 11, 15, York; Sept. 14, 16,21, 22, HaiTogate; Sept. 17, 

 IS, Whitby; Sept. 23, 24, 25, Ilkley; Sept. 28, 29, Derby. 



Oct. 2, Cheater; Oct. 3, 17, Malvern; Oct. 6, 9, 12, 13, Ply- 

 mouth ; Oct. 7, 10, 14, 16, Torquay; Oct. 10, 22, 28, Salisbury; 

 Oct. 21, 26, 29, Southampton; Oct. 23, 27, 30, Winchester. Oct. 31, 

 Marlborough College. 



Nov. 2, Chester ; Nov. 4, Burnley ; Nov. 9, Stafford ; Nov. 10, 

 Streathara; Nov. 12, Middlesbrough; Nov. 17, Darwen ; Nov. 19, 

 Saltaire ; Nov. 25, 28, Bath ; Nov. 26, 30, Clifton. 



Dec. 2, 5, Bath ; Dec. 4, Clifton ; Dec. 7, 8, 9, Croydon ; Dec. 11, 

 Chester ; Dec. 16, 17, 18, 19, Leamington. 



Jan. 12, Hull; Jan. 15, Stockton; .Tan. 20, Bradford. 



Feb. 3, Alexandria; Feb. 5, Chester; Feb. 6, 20, Malvern 

 Feb. 9, 12, 19, Cheltenham; Feb. 10, Walsall; Feb. 15, Upper- 

 Clapton; Feb. 18, 25, London Institution. Feb. 22, Sutton Cold- 

 field. 



March 1, 3, 5, Maidstone. 



Contents op No. 201. 



Finding tha W»T at Sea. By K. A. ] Our Household Insects. {Illat.) By 



Proctor 193 E.A.Butler . 203 



The Philosophy of Clothing. XVI. Gossip, By B. .\. Proctor 2nj 



Bv W. Mattien WiUiams 194 Our Inventors' Column 207 



Optical Eecreations. (««..) Ily Miscellanea 207 



"F.R.A.8." 196 Correspondence: Finding the Way 



The Young Electrician (IlUti.) By at Sea-The Philosophy of Cloth- 



W. Slingo 198 ing-Greasy Dn. ka-Starhght- 

 The Great Red Spot on Jupiter. By Eemarkable Sky — Evolution — 



Richard A. Proctor 199 Skin-casting of Snakes-Thought 



Baudre's Silex Piano. {Illia.) 20O Transmission, ic 20S 



Thought and Language. XVI. By Our Whist Column 212 



Adas. Ballin 201 Our ChesB Column 214 



Part XLTI. (August, 1886), now ready, price 

 "olume VII., comprising the numbers put 

 ready, price "- 



now ready, pnc 

 Binding Case 



toUows :— 

 Tothli 







TERMS OF SUBSCRIFTIOX. 



thAfri.:a,& Canada 



