♦ KNO\VLEDGE 



[Oct. 9, 1885, 



lowest in rank being Holland, Switzerland, and Belg: 

 with 121 head. Of swine, Servia has relatively also 

 largest number, namely, 1,062 head, whilst Sp 

 follows next, has only 272, then D( 

 Portugal, Austria, Ro) 



the 



1th 263; 



ly being all 



bout the average, and the 



the lowest in rank being 



id Norway, with only 56 



of the total numbers of 



the different countries, it will be found 



decided superiority, taking all 



;ether. This country, including 



above the average, 

 remaining countries beh 

 Sweden, Holland, Italy 

 head. In an examinat 

 live stock 

 that Russ 

 classes of 



Poland and Finland, in the year 1876, possessed 

 25,0CO,0OO head of horned cattle, 45,000,000 sheep, 

 10,000,000 swine, and 17,000,000 horses. The in- 

 crease during the last twenty years has been greatest 

 in sheep — about 20 per cent.; whereas the increase 

 of horned cattle and swine has only been about -i per 

 cent. ; and horses have remained stationary. Next to 

 Russia, Germany has the largest number of homed 

 cattle — about 15,000,000, of sheep 25,000,000, of 

 swine 7,000,000, and of horses 3,000,000. In Prussia 

 there has been, of late years, a considerable increase 

 in all classes of animals ; in Saxony and Baden it has 

 been stationary ; while in Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, 

 Hesse, and Oldenburg there has been a falling oS. 

 Austria, with Hungary, ranks third on the list, so 

 far as horned cattle and swine are concerned, respec- 

 tively with 12,000,000 and 7,000,000; in the second 

 rank as regards horses, namely, 3,000,000, but only in 

 the sixth rank as regards sheep, -nith 20,000,000. After 

 Austria, France has the next largest number of horned 

 cattle, about 11,000,000 head, while it only occupies the 

 fourth place for sheep and swine, namely, 24,000,000 and 

 5,000,000, and 2,000,000 horses. From 1850 to 1872 

 there was a considerable falling oS in horned cattle in 

 France, but in later years there has been a steady im- 

 provement. Great Britain follows next in regard to 

 horned cattle, namely, with 9,000,000 head ; but, in 

 respect to sheep, stands second on the list with 32,000,000 ; 

 she takes the fourth rank in respect to horses, viz., with 

 2,750,000, but for swine only the sixth rank, with 

 4,000,000. Live stock in Great Britain has fallen ofE very 

 considerably of late years ; for example, from 1874 to 

 1880 there was a decrease of 500,000 head of cattle, 

 4,000,000 sheep, and 750,000 swine. Italy ranks last 

 with respect to homed cattle, with 3,500,000 head, 

 1,000,000 horses, 9,000,000 sheep, and 3,750,000 swine. 

 Of late years there has been a falling-off in the number 

 of horned cattle, but sheep .show an increase. In Holland 

 the absolute number of live stock may be given as 

 1,500,000 head of cattle, 1,000,000 sheep, 500,000 swine, 

 and 300,000 horses. The cattle interest in this country 

 is of considerably more importance than the culture of 

 cereals, about 40 per cent, of the land area being devoted 

 to meadow and grass land. Denmark, in the cattle census 

 of 1881, was stated to possess about 347,500 horses, 

 1,470,000 head of horned cattle, 1,548,600 sheep and 

 lambs, and 527,000 swine. These figures, as compared 

 with the previous census of 1876, show a very consider- 

 able increase in horned cattle and swine, while there is a 

 diminution in the number of horses to the extent of 5,000, 

 and in sheep of 170,000. In Norway, where the cattle 

 interest is of more importance than cereal culture, the 

 number of horned cattle is given at about 1,000,000 head, 

 sheep at about 1,700,000, but of swine not more than 

 about 100,000. Lastly, Sweden appears with 2,000,000 

 head of horned cattle, 1,500,000 sheep, 500,000 horses, and 

 450,000 swine. Taking the extra European countries. 



the United States comes first with its enormous and 

 steadily- increasing amount of live stock, which, not- 

 withstanding the large annual increase of population 

 from natural causes as well as from the great tide of emi- 

 gration annually pouring into the country, has been fully 

 able to keep pace with its relative position to the popu- 

 lation. According to the latest returns, the number of 

 horned cattle in 1882 amounted to 41,000,000; of sheep 

 and lambs, 49,000,000; horses, 11,000,000; and swine, 

 43,000,000. From Canada there are no later census 

 returns than those of 1871, when the numbers given were 

 2,700,000 head of homed cattle, about 3,000,000 sheep, 

 and 1,500,000 swine. South America has relatively a 

 larger number of animals even than the United States, 

 especially the La Plata States are noted for their 

 enormous hordes. Statistics place the number of 

 horned cattle at 19,500,000 head, with 70,000,000 

 sheep, and about 500,000 swine. In the Pampas the 

 homed cattle are estimated at 30,000,000. In Algeria 

 the number of live stock in 1879 was stated as 1,200,000 

 head of horned cattle, and about 9,000,000 sheep. Aa 

 regards Australia, the stock of animals in these colonies 

 has received a very great increase during the last ten 

 years. In the census of 1878, horned cattle are stated 

 as 7,400,000, as compared with 4,700,000 in 1876 ; sheep, 

 61,000,000, against 51,000,000; and swine, 815,000, 

 against 695,000. The proportion of live stock to every 

 1,000 inhabitants is very large, being as much as 2,800 

 head for horned cattle, 23,400 for sheep, and 310 for 



riEST STAR LESSONS. 

 By Richard A. Peoctoe. 



1'"HE constellations included i 

 of this series are numbere 

 (the names being omitted on thi 

 fai as possible from all that 

 grouping less distinct) : — 



1. Vrsa Minor, the little Bear 



(a, the Pule Star). 



2. Drnco, the Dragon (a, 

 Thuban) 



5. Perseus, the Champion (/3, 



Algol, famous variable). 



6. Auriqa, the Charioteer (a, 

 Capella) 



7. Ursi 



the Greater 



Bear (a, /3, the Po 



8. Canes Venatici, the Hv/nting 



Dogs (a, Cor Caroli). 



9. Coma Berenices, Queen 



Berenice's Hair. 



10. Bootes, the Herdsman (a, 



11. Corona Borealis, the Nor- 



thern Croum. 



12. Serpens, the Serpent. 



13. Hercules, the Kneeler. 



14. Lyra, the Lyre (a, Vega). 



15. Cygnus, the Swarv (a, 



Arided ; /3, Alhires). 



16. Pegasus, the Winged Horse. 



17. Andromeda, the Chained 



Lady. 



18. Triangula, the Triangles. 



19. Aries, the Ram. 



20. Taurus, the Bull (a, Alde- 



haran ; ij, Alcyone, chief 

 Pleiad). 



21. Gemini, the Twins (a, 



Castor; ^, Pollux). 



I the twenty-four maps 

 I throughout as follows 

 maps, to clear these as 

 night render the star- 

 Cancer, the Crab (the 



cluster is the Beehive). 

 Leo, the Lion {a, Regulus). 

 Tirgo, the Virgin (o, Spica). 

 Libra, the Scales. 

 Ophiuchris, the Serpent 



Holder. 

 Aquila, the Eagle (a,Altair}. 

 Delphinu^, the Dolphin. 

 Aquarius, the Water Carrier. 

 Pisces, the Fishes. 

 Cetw, the Sea Monster (o, 



Mira, remarkable va- 

 riable). 

 Eridanus, the River. 

 Orion, the Giant Hunter 



{a, Belelgeux; l3, Rigel). 

 Canis Mtnor, the Lesser Dog 



(a, Protyon). 

 Hydra, the Sea Serpent (o, 



Alphard). 

 Crater, the Cup (a. Allies). 

 Corvus, the Crow. 

 Scorpio, the Scorpion (o, 



Antares). 

 Sagittarius, the Archer. 

 CapHcornus, the Sea Goat. 

 Piscis Australis, the Sott- 



them Fish (a, Fomal- 



haut). 

 Lepus, the Hare. 

 Columba, the Dore. 

 Cants Major, the Greater 



Dog (a, Siriui). 

 Argo, the Ship. 



