110 



DISCOVERY 



to completion. Dr. Stekel sums up the whole evil of the 

 time in the term, " Half-Men." 



Next we meet the " Doubter," and find that the doubt 

 or fear is alwaj's of himself. The true believer in himself 

 is never in doubt. " All strong belief disinfects the soul, 

 and kills the destructive germs of doubt. The doubter 

 knows no true belief." He courts the " situations w-here 

 his doubt can have free reign." He doubts everything, 

 " finally also his own doubt." 



The next picture in Dr. Stekel's portrait gallery is that 

 of the smoker of psychic opium, or, in other words, the 

 day-dreamer, both conscious and unconscious. The poppy 

 of phantasy unfits these people for life, and they, there- 

 fore, create worlds of their own in which they garb them- 

 selves in royal purple. Reality of all kinds excites their 

 contempt. 



" Fear of Joy," " Envj'," " Impatience," all have 

 chapters to themselves, and then follows " The Unlucky 

 Dog." It might be thought at first sight that he at least 

 could hardly worship the Beloved Ego. But yes. Dr. 

 Stekel shows up the " Unlucky Dog " as a supreme 

 egoist. His ill-luck is his strong card. No one is as un- 

 lucky as he, and he reigns supreme in the kingdom of ill- 

 luck. Back of it all is liis thirst for love. " He is a beggar 

 for love and rarely begs in vain." " As he cannot obtain 

 the gold of love, he puts up with the copper of com- 

 passion." He gains pleasure from pain. He believes not 

 only in his own bad luck, but that he brings bad luck to 

 those associated with him, and thus secures the supremacy 

 of his o\\-n ego. Dr. Stekel concludes his book by a number 

 of Aphorisms. 



J. C. 



AN ANCIENT EGYPTI.\N CEMETERY 



Balabish, being the thirty-seventh Memoir of the Egypt 

 Exploration Society. By G. A. Wainwright, with 

 a Preface by T. Whittemore ; 25 plates and 

 several figures in text. (George Allen & Unwin, 

 Ltd., 42s.) 



This volume is in theory merely the record of the 

 excavation of the cemetery of Balabish in Upper Egypt 

 in 1915. In point of fact it is considerably more than this. 

 Mr. Wainwright is not content merely to present to his 

 readers the material which he has found ; he sets out 

 to interpret it by ascertaining its place in the series to 

 which it belongs. The cemetery is a particularly inter- 

 esting one, for a large portion of it belongs to the so- 

 caUed pan-grave ^ culture, which all authorities agree in 

 attributing to small bodies of Nubians who intruded into 

 Egypt during the Later Intermediate Period. Mr. Wain- 

 wright's study takes us considerably further than any 

 previous work on the subject. His method is the detailed 

 comparison of the objects actually found at Balabish 



I Pan-graves is the name given by their first discoverer to 

 certain shallow tombs scooped in the surface sand in various 

 parts of Egypt, and containing the bodies of persons clearly 

 not Eg>-ptians, accompanied by objects partly of Nubian 

 manufacture. The resemblance of these graves to pans is, 

 it must be admitted, by no means striking. The Later Inter- 

 mediate Period covers the years 1 800-1600 B.C. 



with those found in similar cemeteries elsewhere, a method 

 with which his w-ork on Keftiu- has made us familiar. 

 His first conclusion is that the pan-graves of Egypt proper 

 have certain affinities with the later graves of the Nubian ^ 

 C-group, but differ very seriously from the earlier. While 

 agreeing with the result, and in general with the method 

 by which it is reached, we are inclined to think that, 

 when two cultures are being compared, the absence from 

 the one of a rare object which occurs only once or twice in 

 the other should not be used as an argument for differ- 

 ence, though, of course, the presence of a rare object 

 (such as the net-bag of elephant's hair) in both would be 

 strong presumptive evidence of connection. In other 

 words, this type of argument has some value when used 

 positively, but none when used negatively. 



Mr. Wainwright next refers to the civilisation lately 

 discovered by Reisner at Kerma, in the Sudan. He 

 points out that not only has it features which distinguish 

 it from the C-group culture of Nubia, but that the few 

 examples of it found in Egypt proper are quite distinct 

 from the ordinary pan-graves This civilisation is mainly 

 marked by the occurrence of a beautiful thin red pottery 

 with black top and intermediate band of grey, the common- 

 est shape of w'hich is the inverted bell-shaped cup with 

 out-curving rim. To the list given of these vases found 

 in Egypt may be added several perfect examples found 

 by Garstang in 1907 at Abydos, in a tomb w-ith two loosely 

 contracted bodies laid on the left side. It is perhaps early 

 to decide whether these vases belong to a special civilisa- 

 tion, or whether they are merely the finer specimens of 

 the art of the potters of the C-group people ; in the mean- 

 time, Mr. Wainwright is certainly wise to keep the two 

 apart. 



The New Empire ■■ graves of the Balabish cemeterj' are 

 less important, though :\Ir. Wainwright has invested them 

 \vith interest by a minute inquiry into the origin of the 

 foreign pottery which they contain. It is to be wished 

 that he could find time, despite the troubles of an 

 Inspector's life in Egypt, to extend this examination 

 to cover the whole field of Egyptian imported pottery, 

 beginning with the probably foreign jugs from the tomb 



- Keftiu was until lately believed to be the Egyptian name 

 for the island of Crete. Mr. Wainwright's researches have 

 established a very strong probability that it was in reality 

 Eastern Cilicia. 



' The remains of the early prehistoric period in Nubia have 

 been divided chronologically into three groups. A, B, and C. 

 The A group corresponds in time to the Predjmastic and Early 

 DjTiastic Periods inEgypt (about 3500-2800 B.C.). The B group 

 extends into the interval between the Sixth and Twelfth 

 Eg\-ptian Djmasties, while the C group, marked in Nubia by 

 a very flourishing and totally non-Egyptian culture, covers 

 the Twelfth Dynasty (2000-1800 B.C.) and extends into the 

 Later Intermediate Period which separates this from the 

 Eighteenth. 



* The New Empire or New Kingdom is the name given to 

 the period of the Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (1580- 

 1200 B.C.), the Middle Kingdom being the Twelfth, the Old 

 Kingdom the Fourth to Sixth, and the Archaic Period the First 

 to Third. The missing dynasties form the Earlier and Later 

 Intermediate Periods. 



