DISCOVERY 



35 



Raimondi — not a word to friend or enemy. Her 

 silence remained inviolable. 



The only mention of Donna Giuseppina in Garibaldi's 

 autobiography relates to the first meeting : " News 

 was brought to me by a beautiful and high-spirited 

 girl who appeared to me like a lovely vision in her 

 carriage." 



WTiat was the accusation levelled against her by a 

 handful of Garibaldian of&cers, and was it true ? 

 These officers worshipped their chief, they lo\^ed 

 Cairoli, and detested the political intrigue that had 

 entangled their hero ; Cairoli also but a short space 

 before they had seen kiss his brother's blood-stained face 

 as he lay, struck down by an Austrian bullet, at hi^ 

 side, and then with a cry of " Viva l' Italia!" spring 

 into the hottest of the fight again. Proudlj', dis- 

 dainfully Giuseppina wrapped herself in silence ; not 

 even the death of Cairoli, who on the announcement 

 of the betrothal had sought a soldier's death in Poland, 

 and three years later met his end, a prisoner in Siberia 

 — not even the death of her lo^•er drew a syllable from 

 her lips. 



Austrian code, which admitted the nullity of marriages 

 rati e non consummati, it was devoid of all legal force. 

 On Januarv 25 Francesca and Garibaldi were made 

 husband and wife at Caprera. 



Giuseppina and Garibaldi had never met since 

 that scene in the summer-house at the Villa Raimondi. 

 To the very end Donna Giuseppina held inflexibly to 

 her half a century's self-imposed silence — a striking 

 instance of self-abnegation, moral courage, and fidelity. 

 Stout-hearted, tempered like steel, were those women of 

 the Risorgimento. 



VI 



On a summer's day in 1882 Neapolitan women, 

 rending their hair, had wailed through the streets of 

 Naples, "E morto CoUubardo- ! E morfo In mio 

 bello ! " 



On April 28, 1918, the octogenarian Donna 

 Giuseppina passed away near Fino Mornasco almost 

 unnoticed save in a few journals, among them the 

 Secolo of Milan, to which the wTiter is indebted for the 

 chief incidents in her romantic story. 



And Garibaldi ? Later, many \'ears later, his service 

 to his mistress, Italy, ended ; his gift of a kingdom to 

 his sovereign achieved. Garibaldi, in the solitude of 

 his island home, found the consolation of a devoted 

 companion in the widow of a Garibaldian officer, 

 Francesca Armosino, by whom he had three children. 

 These in his stricken years he was anxious to legitima- 

 tise. But what of the still living wife ? She also 

 had found consolation, and, to use the discreet words 

 of an Italian WTiter, had found support on the noble 

 breast of one of the brothers Mancini. 



In 1879 both were agreed, and Giuseppina used al] 

 her influence to second the efforts of her husband of 

 an hour to untie the legal knot that held them both 

 bound. It was not easy. In July 1879 application 

 was made to the Civil Tribunal at Rome to annul the 

 marriage. The Court decided against the suitors. 

 Garibaldi was furious at the decision, and turned to 

 the young king, Umberto, and to the premier, Bene- 

 detto, fifth and last of the Cairoli brothers, ^ asking for 

 an annulment by royal decree or by a special act of 

 the Chamber. ^^Tlile sjTiipathising with Garibaldi, who 

 was nearing his end, they were naturally averse to 

 brusquer les choses in that summary fashion. Still, 

 when kings and their chief ministers are agreed, laws 

 go bv the board. The most famous counsel of the 

 day in Italy, Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, was consulted. 

 and on January 14, 1S80, the Court of Appeal decided 

 that, inasmuch as the marriage took place under the 



1 Benedetto, who, in shielding his sovereign from an assassin's 

 dagger at Naples, had been seriously wounded. 



Mental Characters and 



Physical Characters in 



Race Study 



By H. J. Fleure, D.Sc. 



Professor of Geography and Anlhropologii in the University 0/ Waics 



The researches of the last twenty years have shown 

 that when animals with certain definite character- 

 istics breed together, the descendants become 

 in many respects mosaics of inheritance, taking 

 certain characters from the group of ancestors on 

 one side, and others from those on the other. All 

 men are mosaics of this kind, and racial study is 

 beginning to show further that definite alterations of 

 early nurture, as well as other changes, seem to have 

 promoted modifications which have become permanent. 

 The tendency is, therefore, increasingly to think of 

 the unit- character, i.e. a definite characteristic such 

 as height or the colour of the hair, as the important 

 feature to be surveyed and mapped ; and a race is 

 thus merely a collection of people who, through similar 

 inheritance and sometim.es also, in a lesser degree, 

 through similar modifications, have come to possess 

 a considerable number of unit-characters in common. 

 These characters may have, as it were, crj'stallised 



2 CoUubardo is the Neapolitan equivalent for Garibaldi. 



