DISCOVERY 



105. 



by the Humber. (It is scarcely probable that any of this 

 should be of glacial origin, that is, deposited by the melting 

 of the glaciers that are known to have once covered these 

 regions.) 



The necessary coal is brought by the cheapest of all 

 methods of transport, water, from the neighbouring 

 Yorksliire Coal-field to the works situated by the water- 

 side and, lastly, the finished product can be readily sent 

 away from the works or exported from the neighbouring 

 ports of Hull, Immingham, and Grimsby. 



Very few fossils have been found in the immense pits 

 excavated, but a few ammonites, fish-teeth, and echinoids, 

 popularly called " fossil-mushrooms," have been un- 

 earthed. The chalk is won by pick and shovel ; holes 

 are " jumped " and blasting is resorted to, charges being 

 inserted at or near the floor of the quarry ; and these, when 

 exploded, generally bring down a portion of the whole of 

 the vertical cliff face. Occasionally men work, where it 

 is safe, on ledges half-waj' up or near the top. In the 

 quarry illustrated in Fig. i, where mechanical diggers are 



Fig. j.- nil, M.W CHAI,K QUARRY Ni.Ak i.iRliN- . IBER. 



Showing method of working in foreground, and the Cement Worlis and River 



Humber in the background. 



in use, 5,000 to 6,000 tons of chalk are dug per week, the 

 men actually employed on these being five in number. 



The chalk is loaded into trucks, as shown in Fig. 2, 

 which are taken by a steam locomotive to the works just 

 discernible on the left-hand side of the picture, which shows 

 also the Yorkshire coast-line on the other side of the 

 Humber. The flint is picked out into heaps, also sho\ni 

 in the photograph, suitably loaded into trucks and taken 

 away for road-metal. 



The floor of this quarry has the great advantage of being 

 dry, as it is slightly above the low-lying ground in the 

 vicinity of the Humber. This enables the quarries to be 

 worked in comfort and saves the great expense of pumping 

 which in some places is needed. The clay is dug in a large 

 but shallow pit in the low-lying ground between the 

 quarry and the w-orks as shown in Fig. 2. 



On the Yorkshire or northern side of the estuary is 

 perhaps one of the most recent establishments laid down 

 in the countrv for the manufacture of cement. Here the 



chalk is dug tliree miles away inland, where there has been 

 erected a plant to crush it and make it into slurry. In this 

 form it travels through some three miles of pipes to the 

 works situated on the Humber side. It is conveniently 

 placed in proximity to clay deposits, similar to those that 

 occur on the South Ferriby side, and it is well situated as 

 regards transport facilities. 



Note. — The writer wishes to thank Mr. A. X. Earle for 

 much of the information embodied in this article. 



Reviews of Books 



NEW LIGHT ON THE WANDERINGS OF THE 

 CELTS 



The Bronze Age and the Celtic World. 

 F.S.A. (Benn Bros., 425.) 



Bv Harold Peake, 



The later stages of the preliistoric period — Neolithic, 

 Bronze, and Iron — afford no sensational evidence of man's 

 past, such as we are accustomed to expect from dis- 

 coveries of the Palaeohthic or Early Stone Age. Yet the 

 restricted attention which these periods receive is due to- 

 no lack of interest in the subject-matter. It is to be 

 attributed rather to the fact that, with few notable ex- 

 ceptions, writers on the subject, if they have appealed to 

 a public wider than the speciaHsts, have been content 

 to give a general view of the culture of each period as a 

 whole, but have not dealt on broad Lines with the more 

 general problems of racial history which underlie the study 

 of prehistoric culture and give to archaeological investiga- 

 tion both its bearing and its perspective. It is an out- 

 standing merit of Mr. Peake's study of the Celtic problem 

 that, while the main foundation upon which the whole 

 structure of his argument rests is of a highly technical 

 character, its detailed discussion is not allowed to assume 

 disproportionate prominence and its relation to broader 

 problems is never forgotten. In fact Mr. Peake's lucidity 

 and breadth of treatment are such that even those un- 

 versed in the technicaUties of the subject may follow his 

 argument and earn both profit and enjoyment from their 

 reading of the book, even though they may fail to 

 appreciate the immense amount of research and the 

 imaginative handling of detailed evidence wliich have 

 gone to its making. 



The Celtic problem has at one time or another attracted 

 much attention from both archaeologists and pliilologists. 

 The Celtic language presents peculiarities in structure 

 and vocabulary which mark it off from its sister tongues of 

 ihe Aryan group, and belong to a non- Aryan language 

 such as, possibly, the now extinct Pictish. It is spoken 

 only by peoples living on the north-western fringe of 

 Europe — Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and Brittany, and, 

 up till comparatively recently, Cornwall and the Isle of 

 Man. The people who speak it belong to the short 

 brunette type called by anthropologists the Mediterranean 

 race. These people are popularly known, particularly to 



