220 



DISCOVERY 



(c) Highland ice which does not completely swamp 

 irregularities of surface : occurs in parts of eastern 

 Spitsbergen. 



(d) Cwn (or corrie) ice. 



(e) Snowdrift ice : ice or neve in the lee of pro- 

 jections or in depressions. 



II. Ice formations of area of predominant movement, 

 embracing true glaciers moving from the types in I. 



{a) Wall-sided glaciers unconfined by any marked 

 valley. These are not common and are an excep- 

 tional variety of — 



(b) Valley glaciers, often called alpine or moun- 

 tain glaciers. These are characteristic of all but 

 the initial and closing stages of the glacial cycle, 

 though " when extreme glacerisation occurs, they 

 will be hidden beneath the upper layers of the Con- 

 tinental Ice and will not thus appear as a recogni- 

 sable type." 



III. Ice formations of area of predominant wastage. 

 These are essentially derived from II, but direct pre- 

 cipitation and snowdrift, and in some cases sea-ice, may 

 augment and compact some varieties. 



{a) Expanded ice-foot or the lobe of ice beyond 

 the mouth of a valley where a glacier debouches 

 on an unconfined plain. This is more common in 

 such a land as Alaska, where the glacerisation is due 

 rather to excessive precipitation than to snow-line 

 at sea level. 



(6) Ice tongues afloat : a striking Antarctic ice- 

 form, probably not found elsewhere, unless in Turner 

 Glacier, Alaska. 



(c) Piedmont glaciers due to the coalescence of 

 several expanded ice-feet. A common type in many 

 polar lands. 



(d) Confluent ice, formed by coalescence of several 

 ice tongues, and given a definite form by land bar 

 along seaward edge. 



(«) Avalanche ice fed by avalanches from Type I. 

 Allthesubdi\-isions of III have clearly a topographical 

 basis. 



IV. Ice formations of zone of balanced forces. These 

 are the most difficult to explain and this is the least 

 satisfactory di\dsion in the classification. It includes 

 all forms of shelf ice, of which the most notable example 

 is the famous Ross Ice Barrier. 



The authors discuss at length the physics and forma- 

 tion of all these ice forms. As regards the Barrier, they 

 believe that great ice tongues push out into the Ross 

 Sea from the valleys in the surrounding mountain ranges. 

 Sea ice formed in the sheltered waters between them, 

 and, unable to break up or escape, gradually cemented 

 the whole together, while the continual addition of snow 

 smoothed the entire surface. It is now a snow-laden 

 sheet of mixed land and sea ice covering some 150,000 

 square miles. It is apparently receding, and now probably 

 has a thickness of 750 ft. and an average elevation above 

 sea level of 150 ft. against a possible 800 ft. at the period 

 of maximum glacerisation. Although afloat at its 

 northern end, the whole of it cannot be assumed to be 



afloat. This and many other equally interesting problems | 

 are treated at length in this valuable memoir. Maps 

 and illustrations could not be excelled. 



R. N. RuDMOSE Brown. 



A CENTRAL AFRICAN RACE 



The Bahitara or Banyoro. By John Roscoe. The 

 first half of the report of the JVIackie Ethnological 

 Expedition to Central Africa. (Cambridge Uni- 

 versity Press, 255.) 



No introduction to an author of such well-proven \ 

 skill and experience in anthropology as the Rev. i 

 John Roscoe is required. His knowledge of the races of 

 Central Africa is unique ; he has had the advantage ! 

 of personal and intimate relationship with the native 

 which his great predecessor, Livingstone, possessed ; he 

 has that sympathy and understanding of a primitive 

 people which is impossible to many men, but without 

 which an anthropological study must lose half its value 

 and authority. 



The nation which is studied in this work occupies a 

 stretch of pastoral country between Lake Albert and 

 Lake Victoria in Central Africa. The name " Banyoro " 

 is really a nick-name, given to them by derisive neigh- 

 bours from their habit of occasionally showing favour 

 to a member of the agricultural tribes — who are serfs — 

 by making him a free-man, or Munyoro (plural, Banyoro). 

 Hence their country came to be known as Bunyoro, or 

 the land of freed slaves. 



The pre-eminent tribes in the land are those whose 

 life centres round the huge herds of cattle. In every 

 ceremony a bull or a cow takes a prominent place. For 

 instance, when a lover selects the lady of his choice for 

 marriage, he must purchase her for anything up to twenty 

 cows. As the marriage day approaches, the bride anoints 

 her skin with butter to make it smooth. After the 

 marriage party, a fat cow is given to the guests to pro- 

 vide an adequate celebration of the occasion. On one 

 occasion, the fourth day after the marriage, the mother- 

 in-law came in, " bringing her son's milk-pot, and handed 

 it to the bride, who had to wash and fumigate it. The 

 mother-in-law supervised the work as if the bride knew 

 nothing about it, and when the milk-pot was cleansed, she 

 brought a churn and explained its use. The girl was 

 then considered to be a fully trained wife and might leave 

 her seclusion." 



Similarly, when a death occurred, an elaborate cere- 

 mony involving a bull was necessary. " The heir or the 

 head-man of the clan had to send messengers to inform 

 the king of the death, a ceremony which was called 

 ' Kubika.' Two or three members of the clan, chosen 

 for fleetness of foot, started before dawn and drove a 

 bull towards the royal enclosure. When it had reached 

 the entrance they shouted, ' Afulire mukama ayihongire 



Nyamionga ' [He, (naming the man), has left the 



king and gone to the king of the dead]. This cry was 

 an insult to the king, for it declared that the king of the 

 dead had been too powerful for him, and had succeeded 



