248 



DISCOVERY 



that every educated adult man and woman should know 

 at least as much of medicine as they do of public affairs. 



This book, a reprint of articles published in Science 

 Progress, with additional matter to bring it up to date, 

 is to be recommended, especially at the present time, 

 when a concerted effort is being made to solve the prob- 

 lem of cancer, as a useful introduction for the general 

 reader to the essential features of malignant new growths 

 of the body. We are composed, all of us, of countless 

 millions of unit structures, known as cells, each with 

 individual characteristics, which render them recognisable 

 to the microscopist. Normally, these cells work, grow, 

 and die in an orderly, well-organised manner, duly 

 considering the interests of their neighbour cells like 

 citizens of an unusually disciplined state. The cancer 

 cell — arising from some such normal, healthy ancestor — 

 passes out, in the author's phrase, of "Somatic co- 

 ordination," grows its own way without regard to the 

 interest of other cells, which it strangles and kills with 

 the energy of a raiding band of savages in a fertile country. 



The author pays some attention to the supposed 

 variation from the normal of these cells as regards their 

 intimate structure. When a cell divides, and so repro- 

 duces itself, its central portion, or nucleus, wherein 

 reside the essential vital features of that cell, splits up 

 into a definite and constant number of strands of dark- 

 coloured tissue, known as chromosomes. This number 

 is the same for all the cells of any one species of animal ; 

 there are, for instance, thirty-two such strands in man 

 and twenty-four in the newt. There is only one exception 

 in normal cells, namely, the sex-cells, male and female, 

 which have each only half the normal number of chromo- 

 somes. Dr. Walker produces evidence that cancer cells 

 also have only half the normal number. No one who 

 has not studied this particular question is exititled to 

 express an opinion, but it should be remarked that these 

 observations, due to the author himself, have been widely 

 criticised, as he himself points out. 



A discussion of the theories that cancer falls into line 

 with diseases such as tuberculosis, and is due to a parasite 

 of some kind, or to various parasites, also occupies a 

 portion of the book. Innumerable features of cancer 

 are absolutely inconsistent with the action of any parasite 

 resembling the bacteria which cause infectious diseases, 

 not least the fact that cancer is not infectious. Of course, 

 the question cannot be settled until the true nature of 

 the disease is demonstrated. 



Cancers can be grafted from one individual to another, 

 and this has been done many hundreds of times in mice. 

 But little has come of these experiments, and the resulting 

 growths are not entirely comparable with cancers of 

 natural occurrence. 



The cause of cancer is unknown, and the cure, save 

 by early and extensive operation, impossible in prac- 

 tically every case. Sometimes — once in a doctor's ex- 

 perience — a cancer disappears of its own accord ; but 

 when it seems to do so, the probabilities are vastly in 

 favour of the diagnosis being wTong. Some facts are 

 known. Prolonged irritation, such as X-ray workers, 

 chimney-sweeps, paraffin workers, and those with decayed 



teeth cutting the tongue, are subjected to, will lead to 

 cancer. There are as many theories of causation — the 

 eating of every single article of diet, insufficient eating 

 of every article of diet, clothing, washing, and even a 

 wrong mental attitude — as there are ill-informed writers 

 and talkers on cancer. If this book serves to impress the 

 baffling nature of cancer, and the need of the earliest 

 possible recourse to surgical aid on a wider section of the 

 public than is at present familiar with this urgent question, 

 it will have done a work of great value. 



R. J. V. P. 



PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES 



Psychological Types. By C. G. Jung, Dr. Med. et Jur. 

 of the University of Zurich. (Kegan Paul, 25s.) 



The publication in English of a work by Dr. Jung is 

 a welcome and important event, for although it is fairly 

 generally known that what has been called the " new 

 psychology " includes several schools of thought, yet 

 by far the greater amount of literature has been produced 

 by the Freudian school, and in consequence there has been 

 a tendency on the part of the general public to confuse the 

 work of the Zurich school of Dr. Jung with " psycho- 

 analysis," a term that can only be properly applied to 

 the well-defined theories and method of Professor Freud 

 and his followers. 



In a preface to the present volume the translator. 

 Dr. Godwin Baynes, explains the difference between the 

 philosophy of Professor Freud and Dr. Jung, but ventures 

 farther and rather unfortunately into the " troubled 

 waters of controversy " in criticising Professor Freud's 

 theories, which he does not present very accurately. 



Dr. Jung is more moderate and impartial ; he puts 

 forward a classification of human types, with the reserva- 

 tion that it is not intended to be final or exclusive, and 

 that, viewed from other angles, the same types might 

 be grouped differently. The main line of classification 

 is that already put forward by him (in Papers on Analy- 

 tical Psychology) into two " general attitude types," the 

 intravert and extravert. This is a distinction that, when 

 well marked, is easily recognised; the intravert tends to 

 live an " inner," reflective life, the extravert tends to live 

 in " doing," and his interest flows out freely into his 

 environment. Here we may mention Dr. Jung's conten- 

 tion that the Freudian school tends to take the extravert 

 attitude as a standard of normality, whereas the Zurich 

 school regards both intravert and extravert as two normal 

 and probably innate ways of adaptation to life. 



In the present volume a further classification is proposed 

 according to the predominance as a guiding element in 

 life of one of the " basic functions " of thinking, feeling, 

 sensation, and intuition. Each of these four tj'pes may 

 be either intraverted or extraverted, so that the classi- 

 fication is finally into eight separate types. 



It might perhaps be said that not much has been 

 gained by mere classification, but Dr. Jung proceeds to 

 show that the predominance of one function is liable 

 to involve the repression of the others and result in a 

 one-sided personality and a faulty adaptation to life. 



