214 



KNOWLEDGK ♦ 



[August 1, 1889. 



egress of the shadow of the first satellite at 8h. 37m., and a 

 reappearance from eclipse of the third at 8h. 37m. 16s. On 

 the evening of the 18th all four satellites will be seen in a 

 line on the following side of the planet. On the 19th an 

 ingress of the shadow of the second satellite at 9h. 46m., 

 and a transit egress of the satellite itself at lOh. 10m. On 

 the 21st at 9h. 57m. au occultation (disappearance) of the 

 first satellite. On the 22nd a transit ingress of the shadow 

 of the first satellite at 8b. 15m., an egress of the sateUite 

 itself at 9b. 22m., and an eclipse (disappearance) of the 

 third satellite at 9h. 43m. 52s. On the 26tli a transit 

 ingress of the second satellite at 9b. 56m. On the 28tb a 

 reappearance from eclipse of the second .satellite at 

 9h. 17m. 47s. On the 29tb a disappearance by occultation 

 of the third satellite at 8h. 46m., and a transit ingress of 

 the first at 8h. 57m. On the 30tb a reappearance from 

 eclipse of the first satellite at 9h. 44m. 15s. Both Uranus 

 and Neptune are practically invisible during August to the 

 amateur observer. This month is one of the most favour- 

 able ones for observing shooting stars in. The most noted 

 shower is that of the Perseids, with a radiant point at the 

 maximum display on August 10 in lib. 52m. + 56°. Ob- 

 servations of this region of the heavens with an opera-glass 

 will no doubt show stationary meteors, or meteors which 

 shift theii' position very slowly. Their place and the direc- 

 tion of their shift should be noted for the purpose of deter- 

 mining whether the radiant is a geometrical jioint, or a circle, 

 or an elliptic area, as suggested with regard to the Novem- 

 ber meteors.* The radiant point souths at 5h. 37m. a.m. 

 The moon enters her first quarter at Ih. 27m. p.m. on 

 the 4th, Ls full at 4b. 43m. a.m. on the 11th, enters her last 

 quarter at lOh. 51m. a.m. on the 18th, and is new at 

 2 o'clock on the afternoon of the 2Gth. At lOh. 35m. p.m. 

 on August 6 the 6| magnitude star B.A.C. 5758 will dis- 

 appear at an angle of 103° from the lunar vertex, and re- 

 appear at llh. 43m. p.m. at an angle of 297° from the 

 vertex. On the 7 th, Jupiter and three of his satellites will 

 be occulted by the moon, the first satellite being behind the 

 planet. The occultation of Jupiter takes place at 

 7h. 4m. P.M., at an angle of 25° from the vertex. The 

 occultation of the planet it.self will be preceded by that of 

 the third satellite, and followed by that of the second, and 

 after a little time by that of the fourth. This phenomenon 

 will occur rather more than half an hour before sunset, and 

 the altitude of the moon will be only 13°, so that probably 

 at least four inches aperture will be required to see the 

 satellites. The planet reappears at 8h. Im., at an angle 

 from the vertex of 290°. At Oh. 18m. a.m. the next morn- 

 ing the 6tb magnitude star B.A.C. 6161 will be very near 

 the north point of the lunar limb. On the 12th, at 

 4h. 7m. A.M., the 6th magnitude .star 56 AquarLi will dis- 

 appear at an angle of 107° from the vertex, and reappear at 

 4h. 57m., or a quarter of an hour after sunrise, at an angle 

 of 5°. On the 13th, the 5th magnitude star 33 Piscium 

 will disappear at 9h. 13m. p.m. at an angle of 118°, and 

 reappear at 9h. 55m. at an angle of 212°. The 6th magni- 

 tude star B.A.C. 17 is occulted at llh. 46m. p.m. on the 

 13th, at an angle of 107°, and reappears at Oh. 54m. a.m. 

 the next morning, at an angle of 264°. On the 17th, at 

 4h. 35m. A.M., there is a near approach of B.A.C. 830, atan 

 angle of 205°. At lb. 37m. a.m. on the 20th, the 5^ 

 magnitude star B.A.C. 1563 disappears at an angle of 42°, 

 and reappears at 2h. 35m. at an angle of 270° ; and there 

 is a near approach of h 106 Tauri at 3h. 33m. a.m. at an 

 angle of 159°. At 2h. 59m. on the morning of the 24th, 

 the 6th magnitude star i] Cancri disappears at an angle of 

 107°, and reappears at an angle of 173° at 3h. 30m. 



* " Monthly Notices" o£ the R.A.S., vol. xlvii. p. 69-73. 



WiWt Column* 



Bv W. ]\IoNT.\GU Gattie. 



TUE following hand, which is taken from "Whist Develop- 

 ments," by Cavendish, affords an interesting illustration of 

 the principles of the American system of leads. 



Hand No. 5. 





%* 



+ * 







:j 



Score :— A B, 1 ; Y Z, 0. 

 Z turns up the 2 of hearts. 



Note. — A and B are partners against Y and Z. \ has the first 

 lead ; Z is the dealer. The card of the leader to each trick is indi- 



Note. — Trick 2. — A, on quitting the head of his suit, leads his 

 original fourth-best (see KNOWLEDGE, p. 155). B infers that he 

 has two better than the 7 (i.e., 10 and 9), and the fall of the cards 

 shows that he has all the others. 



Tricks— A B, 2 ; Y Z, 2. 



Notes. — Trick 3. — Z has trumped with the 5, and now leads the 

 4, and he turned up the deuce. As will be seen when we come to 

 discuss the m.anagement of trumps in connection with .\merican 

 leads, the rule is to trump with the fourth-best, and to lead the 

 fourth-best of those remaining. Therefore Z has three trumps higher 

 than the 5, and held at least six of them originalh-. Trick i. — 

 The 3 of hearts is marked in Y's hand ; the remaining hearts are in 

 Z's hand. 



Note. — Trick 5. — B does not lead the king of spades, because he 

 knows one adversary will trump and the other wiU discard (see notes 

 to Tricks 2 and 4). His object is to secure the required four tricks in 

 clubs and diamonds (see score), and to prevent the adverse trumps 

 from making separately. Nothing is to be gained by leading the 



