ss 



KNOWLEDGE, 



[Ap 



1903. 



the objectives. For advance in this respect, Mt. Cross rightly 

 gives the credit to the leading English manufacturers, who 

 have throughout seen the futility of producing an objective 

 the corrections of which make it one of the most perfect of 

 optical productions, and allowing it to be used in a way that 

 practically nullifies the very excellencies for which so much is 

 claimed. In the remaining chapter of this part accessories are 

 dealt with in an equally satisfactory manner. In the second 

 part Mr. Cole deals with the preparation and mounting of 

 objects as might be anticipated in a mounter of his experience. 

 His tables are excellent in every way, his instructions plain and 

 unmistakable, his methods above criticism. This part of the 

 book has a value of its own to all practical workers, and has 

 been much extended in the present edition. Finally, a new 

 chapter on microtomes, their choice, use, and the preparation 

 and cutting of sections, has been contributed by Mr. G. West, 

 of Edinburgh, which is not inferior in lucidity to the rest of the 

 book. In the next edition we shall hope to see a further 

 chapter on photo-micrography. 



" Wh.\t Star is it ? Tables for Identifyixg Unknown 

 Stars." By Herbert W. Harvey. (Spottiswoode.) Is. net. — 

 This very handy little volume is intended to assist navigators to 

 identify stars of the second or third magnitude, the altitude of 

 which they may have observed, and so to avoid the discarding 

 of " sights " when the object observed is not known with 

 certainty. It consists of a set of very neat and clearly printed 

 tables, giving the hour angles and declinations of celestial 

 objects for every five degrees of altitude from 10° to (ib°, and 

 for every ten degrees of azimuth. The book makes an 

 extremely handy pocket volume, and will no doubt be very- 

 useful to many others beside navigators who wish to be able to 

 convert right ascensions and declinations into altitudes and 

 azimuths, or i-ice verm, where this only needs to be done 

 approximately. 



" Open- Air Stddies in Geologv." By Prof. Grenville A. 

 J. Cole. Second Edition. Revised. Pp. .322. (London : Charles 

 Griffin & Co.) Illustrated. 8s. fid. — Professor Cole is so well 

 and favourably known to readers of Knowledge that any 

 writings by his pen are assured of a welcome. In a work of the 

 kind under notice he is at his best. His style is popular 

 without being childish, and accurate without being pedantic : 

 the result is a volume which creates interest in the physiognomy 

 of the Earth, and forms the best of introductions to the serious 

 study of geology. Open-air studies are essential in the making 

 of a geologist, and it is only after personal observation of 

 cliaracteristic rocks and scenes that a student is in a position to 

 understand clearly their geological significance. Every intelli- 

 gent observation is of sterling value in the store of a person's 

 knowledge, and only those who have seen things for themselves 

 can express an opinion upon them worth much consideration. 

 As Prof. Cole remarks, " Almost all great progress in natural 

 knowledge has thus been made by those who have seen and 

 travelled. — by those, in fact, who have studied in ' Nature's 

 roofless school."' His book should be the means of adding to 

 the number of intelligent observers of the Earth's features. 

 The text, the illustrations, and the numerous references will all 

 help the student to understand and interpret the features of 

 Mother Earth. 



BOOKS RECEIVED. 



Variations in Animals and Plants. By H. M. Vernon, m.a., m.d. 

 (Kegau Paul.) 53. 



Ancient Greek Sculptors. By F. Edith Legge. (Unwin.) 6s. 



Comets and their TaiU and the &egenschein Light. By Krederick 

 G. Shaw, P.a s. (Bailliere, Tindall & Coi.) 28. 6d. net." 



Sntish Ferns. By Chas. T. Druery, F.i.s., V m.h. (Newnes.) 

 Illustrated. 3s. 6d. net. 



Chemical Technology. Vol. IV. Edited by W. J. Dibdin. F.i.c, 

 p.c.s. Electric Lighting, by A. G. Cooke, ma., a.m. I e.e. ; 

 Photometry, by W. J. Dibdin, T.i.c , F.C.s. (Churchill.) Illus- 

 trated. 20s. 



Triumphs of Science. Edited by M. A. Lane. (Ginn & Co.) 

 Is. ed. 



David and Bathshua. By Charles Whitworth Wynne. (Kegan 

 Paul.) 58. 



How to become a Private Secretary. By Arthur Sheppard 

 (Unwin.) Is. 



The Burlington Magazine. March, 1903. (Savile Publishing 

 Co., Ld.) 2s. 6d. net, 



The Rationale of Telepathy and Mind Cure. By C. W. Leadbeater. 

 (Theosophical Publi.^liing Society. ) 6d. 



Proper Motions of the Stars. By Ga,vin J. Bums. (University 

 of Chicago Press.) 



The Extension of the Foreign Trade Selations of the United 

 States. (Philadelphia: Commercial Museum.) 



Memoriis y Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica "Antonio Alzate." 

 (Mexico : Avenida Oriente 2, num. 726.) 



Report of the Advisori) Board of the Commercial Museum, 

 October 7, S and 9, 1902. (Philadelphia.) 



Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation. December, 

 1902. (Murray ) 5s. 



Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural 

 History Society, 1902. 28. 



Quarterly Record of Additions. No. III. By Thomas Sheppard, 

 P.& s. (Hull Museum.) Id. 



Short Manual of Inorganic Chemistry. By A. Duprc, PH D., F.K.S. , 

 and H. Wilson Hake, PH.D., P.l.c, P.c.8. • (Chas Griffin A. Co.) 

 68. net. 



Papers on Mechanical and Physical Subjects. Vol. III. — The 

 Sub- Mechanics of the Universe. By Osborne Keynolds, ma., p.b.s., 

 LL.D. (Clay.) 108.6d.net. 



Experiments with Vacuum Tabes. By Sb David L. Salomons, 

 Bart., M.A. (Whittaker.) Illustrated. 2s. 



Report of S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 

 for the Tear ending June 30, 1902. (Washington : Government 

 Printing Office.) 



Raines tf Co., Ealing. — Photographic Catalogue. 



1903 Catalogue, Thornton- Pickard Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 

 Alfrincham. 



Catalogue of The Service Photographic Society, High Holhorn, 

 London. 



ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE. 



By E. M. Antoniabi, f.e.a.s. 

 Hlvstrated from original drawings and photographs by 

 the Author. 

 III. 

 The Intebiob. 

 It is from the north porch that visitors are now admitted 

 into the mosque. They enter by the door of the celebrated 

 " Sweating Pier," which Messrs. Lethaby and Swainsou 

 have so ably identified with the column of St. Gregory the 

 Miracle Worker, and are then led eastwards, along the 

 north aisle, to the sanctuary ; returning by the southern 

 division of the church. It is noteworthy that this mode 

 of receiving tourists does not seem to have been dictated 

 merely by the requirements of the mosque ; for to guide 

 visitors round " after the sun's path " was an old Greek 

 tradition, to which allusion is already made in 1350 by the 

 Eussian pilgrim, Stephen of Novgorod.* 



We shall not, however, adopt this course in our descrip- 

 tion. Following the emperor on feast days, we will enter 

 the church by the Horologion, on the south side, when our 

 attention will be at once attracted by the " Beautiful 

 Gate " of Constantiae Porphyrogenitus. The eastern 

 panel of this door bears the inscription 



MIXAHANIKHTilN ^ 



or " Michael of Victors," while the opposite panel was 

 believed by Messrs. Curtis and Aristarches to have borne 



the words 



I ©EO*IAOTKAI i 



which would complete the inscription into " Of Theophilus 

 and Michael Victors." Now, the fact that the monograms 

 of both these emperors are also given on the panels, lends 

 great weight to this amendment. On the other hand, we 

 know that the names of Theophilus and Michael were 

 often wedded together on public buildings, and Byzantios, 

 for instance, mentionsf the following inscription from the 



* Societe de V Orient Latin, Series Geogr., Vol. V. 

 t H Kui'irTaiTii'oiJitoAis, Vol. I., Athena, 1S57, p. 104. 



