39 



latter lias to be taken with them or sent on before ; they are exercised 

 in planting, felling, measuring, estimating, and building; and the 

 excursion is enjoyed as a holiday. On completing their curriculum 

 and receiving a satisfactory certificate they are entitled to employment 

 in the Government service, but they are free to accept private engage- 

 ments. In the public service they have rank corresponding with that 

 of officers in the army, and better pay ; promotion follows according to 

 length of service, but may be anticipated by special appointment 

 given by the Government on recommendation by superiors. 



As is the case in the University, the instruction is communicated by 

 lectures and by extempore addresses from notes, definitions being 

 stated slowly and distinctly, that they may be taken down by the 

 students. Kepetitions or examinations are held weekly. In tbese, 

 which are distinct from the daily recapitulation of preceding days' 

 lectures, the students are questioned, but questioned not with a view to 

 ascertain whether they have attended to what was said, but to ascertain 

 whether they have understood this aright, testing thus the way in 

 which the professor has done his part of the duty, rather than testing 

 the way in which the student has done his part. 



In the arboretum the students are made acquainted with the habit of 

 different trees, and they are exercised in nursery work, forming beds, 

 sowing seeds, and transplanting into second beds young seedlings. 

 The students on leaving receive a certificate from the Forest Institute, 

 in which it is certified that he has undergone the required examinations 

 in forest taxation, forest management, forest technology, forest architec- 

 ture, in the mathematics required in forestry, land surveying, game 

 and forest laws, forest administration and book-keeping, political or 

 national economy, meteorology and soils, chemistry, physics, forest 

 botany and vegetable physiology, forest entomology, mazology, and 

 ornithology, usages in hunting and shooting, and in chart-drawing; 

 and that throughout the time of attendance at the Institute his 

 application, progress, and conduct have been good, bad, or indifferent, 

 as the case might be. This is signed by the director, the professors of 

 forest economy and mathematics, of botany, and of zoology, and 

 the teachers of game and forest law, of chemistry and physics, and of 

 political economy. There are three degrees of excellence, characterized 

 by appropriate designations, such as commendable, good, and passable, 

 used in the certificate in regard to the different qualifications 

 certified. 



About 21,000 kroner (about ^1,125) are annually appropriated to 

 meet the expenses of the Forest Institute. 



Here, as in Germany, it seems to be acted on as a principle that 

 every one employed in the service of his country should be provided 

 with the best possible education and instruction required for the 



