50 



constructing new brick furnaces for the production of what is called 

 red tar, from the sale of which they will, without doubt, obtain 

 considerable profits. 



" There is not a scientific or special manufacturer employed, but 

 the works are under the management of an able workman ; by this 

 arrangement it is supposed a great saving is effected. The Fabrique 

 contains at present several furnaces, by which are obtained tar, 

 turpentine, and other products from pine wood, Besides these, 

 there are furnaces for rectifying turpentine and for making pyro- 

 ligneous acid. The latter product is obtained from birch wood by a 

 process of dry distillation. The greater part of this product is 

 taken to St. Petersburg, but the greater part of the red tar commands 

 a sale in the locality. 



"The following are details relating to the manufacture of such 

 articles obtained on the spot. From a cubic fathom of wood are 

 obtained 25 poods of black tar, equal to 900 Ibs. English, and two 

 poods or 72 Ibs. of turpentine ; and in the manufacture they consume 

 half a cubic foot of firewood. 



"From a square fathom of birch they obtain 250 [?] poods of pyro- 

 ligneous acid. 



" How far these figures indicate the reasonableness and propriety 

 of the measures adopted may be determined by a comparison of 

 them with results obtained by scientific operations, and with the 

 returns made by other works of the same kind elsewhere. The 

 proprietor was desirous of impressing on me that the establishment is 

 not remunerative, and hardly returns the working expenditure. The 

 quantity of acid manufactured is some hundred tons more than 

 suffices to meet the demand for it, and the turpentine is scarcely 

 equal in quality to what is required in the market, and thus he 

 accounted for the unremunerative character of the works. 



"Between the hills are occasionally met with rivers or rivulets 

 flowing into Lake Onega. The current of these is very rapid in conse- 

 quence of the steep declivity of the ground towards the lake ; and 

 they present generally the characteristics of mountain streams. The 

 most striking feature of the country is the great quantity of boulders 

 upon its surface, the number of which, if stated, would be almost 

 incredible. They consist exchisively of granite and other primary 

 or transition formations, covered partially by drift, in which is a red 

 sand in considerable quantity. There are also projecting from the 

 ground granite hills in whole or in part quite bare, or covered only 

 with lichens. Having examined the works I proceeded further. On 

 the right hand was a magnificent view of the Onega lake, the breadth 

 of which at this place is above 80 versts (about 54 miles). On the left 



