THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 173 



in ceremonial and other dances ; and the fierce emo- 

 tions and struggles in battle. 



The latter portion of the book is devoted to the 

 nature of hunger, which has roots similar to those 

 of fear and anger. Hunger is shown to be the direct 

 result of contractions of the alimentary canal, a 

 fact amply verified by the elaborate researches of 

 .Professor Carlson, of the University of Chicago. 

 That in fever hunger should be absent seems logical 

 because "infection, with systemic involvement, is 

 accompanied by a total cessation of all movements 

 of the alimentary canal. Boldireff observed that 

 when his dogs were fatigued the rhythmic contrac- 

 tions failed to appear. Being 'too tired to eatf is 

 therefore given a rational explanation." 



The closing chapter of the book pleads for moral 

 substitutes for warfare. The key to Cannon's 

 views is presented through the medium of William 

 James who, in proposing a moral equivalent for 

 war, wrote: "We must make new energies and 

 hardihoods continue the manliness to which the 

 military mind so faithfully clings. Martial virtues 

 must be the enduring cement; intrepidity, con- 

 tempt of softness, surrender of private interest, 

 obedience to command, must still remain the rock 

 upon which states are built. . . . The martial type 

 of character can be bred without war. Strenuous 

 honor and disinterestedness abound elsewhere. 



