SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY. 5 



How to Begin the Study of Zoology. —In our rapid sur- 

 vey of the animal kingdom, in order to obtain a clear idea 

 of what an animal is, and of the structure of Bome common, 

 well-known type or example, we would earnestly advise the 

 student to study Bome human physiology, such as Martin's 

 • Human Body,*' or any Other at hand, and then to 

 read the account of the anatomy of the fish in this b 

 and also study the skeleton and dissect a perch or any 

 common fish. The student will thus haw a standard of 

 Comparison, a standpoint from which to survey the animal 

 World as a whole. lie will thus learn the relations of the 

 skeleton or solid framework of an animal to the mns< 

 etc., and learn what a heart, lung, or eye is. Then he can 

 the better understand the structure of the lower animals. 



This book begins with the lower, simpler, lied forms 



and ends with the most complicated, i.e., birds and bej 

 as it is believed that this is the most natural and philo- 

 sophical method. In geological history the invertebrates. 

 i.e.j those animals without a backbone, appeared before the 

 vertebrates. It is better to lead the student from the sim- 

 pler to the more complex animal forms, just as in studying 

 history we begin with the origin of mankind and trace the 

 history of the earlier nations which have preceded existing 

 peoples; or in the history of our own country, begin with 

 the discovery and first settlement by our European ai 

 tors. To begin the study of zoology by first taking up the 

 mammals and birds is like reading history backwards. Be- 

 3 this, the student, being more familiar with the birds 

 and mammals, will find the subject growing more interest- 

 ing as he gets nearer the end of the book. 



1 .1 m km. '\Yi>i:k^ i>n Zoology. 



T. IF. Huxley. A .Manual of tin Anatomy uf the Invertebrated 

 Animals, 1S77. A Manual of the Anatomy of the Vertebrated 

 Animals, 1871. 

 ( .'■'-. ibaur. Elements of Comparative Anatomy. i v > 

 C. Clans. Elementary Text-book of Z . • i"- x i V V 



A. Lany Text-book of Comparative Auaiomy. Pi 1 1891. 

 Cones audi t Standard Natural History. 6vols. 



Also, Darwin's Origin of Bp< < it-, and the works of Lamarck, Sem- 

 per, Haeckel, Wallace, Weismann, and Eimer. 



