104 ZOOLOGY. 



both scutum and ecutellum, the two not being separately developed. 

 The fore wings are long and narrow, and thicker than the hinder, 

 which are broad thin, and membranous, and most active in flight, 

 oeing folded up like a fan when at rest and tucked away out of 

 sight under the fore wings, which act as wing-covers. 



Turning now to the side of the body (Fig. 128), we see that the 



side of each of the middle and bind thoracic rings is composed of 



two pieces, the anterior, episternum, resting on the sternum, with 



the epimerum behind it; these pieces are vertically high and narrow, 



and to them the leg is inserted by three pieces, called respectively 



coxa, trochantine, and trochanter (see Fig. 128), the 



„ a *&r~?^' r ~ v v* s latter forming a true "joint of the leg. 



a "X"/a ' ' it\ \ ^ ne S s cons ^ st °f fl ye well-marked joints, the 



°'"u^8f©io v) f emur (thigh), tibia (shank), and tarsus (foot), the 



II \ ( latter consisting in the locust of three joints, the 



/~7 / \ \ \ third bearing two large claws with a pad between 



c ( />V\\ / ^7\ ) them. The hind legs, especially the femur and 



7 ' s -~T/vL3\A tibia, are very large, adapted for hopping. 



X-.-A/LJ--^ \\j The sternum is broad and large in the middle 



^~mte-^— -^ and hind thorax, but small and obscurely limited 



P ^jjp c ^^ in the prothorax, with a large conical projection 



Fig 129. -Front view between the legs, 

 of the head of C. The head is mainly in the adult locust composed 



spretus. E, Epicra- <. , • , n j ., • • tv ma 



mum; C, clypeus- °* a single piece (called the epicramum, .bigs, lib 



L, ■ labrum, o o, an d 129 E), which carries the compound eyes, 



ocelli; e, eye; a, an- ,,. . /r ,. Hnn . r , 



tenna; md, mandi- ocelli, or simple eyes (Fig. 129, e), and antennae. 



ble; mx, portion of Wliile there are in reality four primary segments 

 maxilla uncovered J ^ .. 



by the labrum; p. in the head of all winged insects, corresponding 



j?ffabfa?paFp a usl US ' to the four pairs of appendages in the head, the 

 posterior three segments, alter early embryonic 

 life in the locust, become obsolete, and are mainly represented by 

 their appendages and by small portions to which the appendages 

 are attached. The antenna?, or feelers, are inserted in front of the 

 eyes, and between them is the anterior ocellus, or simple eye, while 

 the two posterior ocelli are situated above the insertion of the an- 

 tennae. In front of the epicranium is the clypeus (Fig. 129), a piece 

 nearly twice as broad as long. To the clypeus is attached a loose 

 flap, which covers the jaws when they are at rest. This is the upper 

 lip or labrum) Fig. 129). There are three pairs of mouth-appendages: 

 first, the true jaws or mandibles (Fig. 127), which are single-jointed, 

 and are broad, short, solid, with a toothed cutting and grinding edge 

 adapted for biting. The mandibles are situated on each side of the 

 mouth opening. Behind the mandibles are the maxillae (Fig. 127), 

 which are divided into three lobes, the inner armed with teeth or 



