VBRTBBRATB8. 



136 



Veins, a system of capillary vessels, which are minute tubes 

 connecting the ends of the smaller arteries with the smaller 

 veins. There an no genuine capillaries in the lower ani- 

 mals exactly comparable with those of vertebrati 

 The blood is red in all the vertebrates excepl the lai 

 and besides white corpuscles contains red corpuscles. 

 While fishes and tadpoles breathe by gills, all land and am- 

 phibious vertebrates breathe the air directly by lungs con- 

 nected by a windpipe {trachea) with the mouth. The 

 nervous system consists of a brain and spinal cord. The 

 brain consists of four pair* of lobes, i.e., the olfa 



Flo 178 I diagrammatic section across the body in tl lu-^f region, x, the 



dorsa] tube, which contains the spinal cord ; tin- black mass surrounding it u 

 a vertebra: a. the pullet, a pari of the alimentary canal; a, the hi i 

 Sympathetic nervous system; //. lungs; the dotted lines around them are the 



pleura; ;•/-, ribs; at, the breastl Prom .Martin. 



lobes, cerebral hemispheres, the optic thalami with the 

 pineal gland, and the optic lobes; b tin se lobes, which 



are arranged in pairs, there arc two single parts of the 

 brain, the cerebellum and the beginning of the spinal cord, 

 railed the medulla oblongata. 

 The limbs each consisl of a single 1 < > 1 1 lt hone, succeeded 



■ 



by two long hones, followed by two transverse r 

 short wrist or ankle bones, and Bve series of long finger or 

 toi bones called phalanges. For example, in the fore limb 

 of most vertebrates, as in the arm of man. to the shoulder 

 girdle is articulated the humerus; this is succeeded by the 

 ulna and radius; these by the wrist-bones or carpals, and 



