134 



MODERN HORSE MANAGEMENT 



[chap. 



Horses are seldom given purgative salts. If 

 a ball does not act in twenty-four hours, a pint 

 of raw linseed oil must be given, and, if neces- 

 sary, repeated in five hours. Large doses of aloes 

 produce nausea and colic ; for this reason aloes 

 is always combined with a stomachic or stimu- 

 lant, as ginger or nux vomica, to prevent griping. 



Much cold water must not be given until the 

 action of the purgative has partly gone off ; 

 water should be made tepid. Horses must not 

 be worked until the action has passed off. Aloes 

 must not be repeated for at least thirty-six hours. 

 Linseed oil is safe in pregnancy, diarrhoea, and 

 dysentery. Carron oil is useful in cases of foals 

 with diarrhoea. Afterwards horses must be fed 

 on easily-digested foods, such as mashes, until 

 action is passed, and then be fed carefully for 

 a few days. 



For Balls, Aloes, and Aloin, see Sec. 509. 



A suitable purgative for a few-months'-old 

 foal which is constipated is rhubarb (rhei), i oz. 

 to 1 oz. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 



517. Liquid Measures. Imperial Measure. 



60 minims (IT\) = 1 fluid drachm (f5) (fl. dr.). 



8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce (fg) (fl. oz.). 

 20 fluid ounces = 1 pint (O.) (pt.). 



8 pints = 1 gallon (C.) (gal.). 



518. Standard Weights. At 62° Fahr. and baro- 

 meter at 30 inches. 



1 fluid ounce weighs 1 ounce 



Avoirdupois = 437^ grains. 



1 gallon weighs 160 ounces = 10 lb. 

 1 pint weighs 20 ounces = If lb. 

 1 cubic foot of water weighs 62J lb. 

 1 cubic inch weighs 252 gr. 

 1 ounce equals nearly 2 cubic inches. 



519. Wine Measure. American liquid measure. 

 8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce. 



60 minims = 1 fluid drachm. 



16 fluid ounces = 1 pint. 

 8 pints = 1 gallon (128 ounces). 



1 wine gallon of distilled water weighs approxi- 

 mately 8 J lb. 

 1 fluid ounce wine measure weighs 454-6 gr. 

 The wine ounce Is larger than the Imperial ounce, 

 but the wine pint is smaller than the Imperial pint. 



520. Household Liquid Measures. 



1 tumblerful = 8 to 10 fluid ounces. 



1 teacupful = 5 to 8 fluid ounces. 



1 wineglassful = 2 fluid ounces. 



1 tablespoonful = 1 ounce,or4 flulddrachms. 



1 dessertspoonful = ] oz. or 2 fluid drachms. 



1 teaspoonful = 1 fluid drachm. 



1 drop of water = 1 minim (approximately). 



521. Solid Weights. Apothecaries' Weight. 

 20 grains = 1 scruple (a). 



3 scruples = 1 drachm. (3). 



60 grains (gr.) = 1 drachm. 



8 drachms or 480 grains = 1 ounce (§). 

 12 ounces or 5,760 gi-ains = pound (lb.). 

 All dispensing is done, and formulse are made up, 

 with this weight. 



522. Troy Weight. 



480 grains = 1 ounce. 

 12 ounces, or 5,760 gi-ains = 1 pound. 



523. Avoirdupois Weight. 



16 drachms = 1 ounce. 



437i grains = 1 ounce. 



16 ounces or 7,000 grains = 1 lb. 



25 lb. (Canada) = 1 quarter. 



28 lb. (England) = 1 quarter. 



4 Quarters ' ^^^ "'• ^ - I ^ hundredweight 



4 quaiters^jj21b.| -[ (cwt). 



„rt ♦ (2,000 lb.) . . 



All drugs are bought and sold by this weight. 



The grain of all weights is the same. 



480 minims of water weigh 1 oz. avoirdupois = 



439J gr., therefore 1 minim of water weighs 



a little less than 1 grain. 



524. Grain Measure (or Dry Measure). 

 2 pints = 1 quart. 



4 quarts = 1 gallon. 



2 gidlons = 1 peck. 



4 pecks = 1 bushel (8 gallons). 



4 bushels = 1 sack. 



8 bushels = 1 quarter. 



5 quarters = 1 load. 

 2 loads = 1 last. 



525. Hay and Straw Weights. 



1 truss of old hay = 56 lb. 



1 truss of new hay = 60 lb. (until Sept. 1st). 



1 truss of straw = 36 lb. 



1 load = 36 trusses. 



1 load of old hay = 2,016 lb. 



1 load of new hay = 2,160 lb. 



1 load of straw = 1,296 lb. 



526. The Metric System. 



Liquid 

 1 cubic centimetre of water, at 0° Centigrade 

 and barometer at 760 millimetres, weighs 

 1 gramme. 

 1000 cubic centimetres (cc.) = 1 litre. 



1 litre = approximately 35 fluid ounces Imperial 

 = If Imperial pints. 

 Weight 

 1 gramme (gm.) = 15-432 grains (gr.). 

 1000 grammes = ] ^ kiiog?"^"^ (approx. 21 lb. 



^ i avoir.). 



100 „ =1 hectogram. 



10 ,, =1 decagram. 



1 „ =1 gram (15-432 gr.) 



•1 „ =1 decigram. 



•01 ,, =1 centigram. 



•001 „ = 1 mUligiam (g'^th gr.). 



Linear 

 1 metre is ^ijiniVoiJTTth pait of the circumference 

 of the earth. 



1000 metres = 1 kilometre (approx. | mile). 

 100 „ =1 hectometre. 

 10 ,, =1 decametre. 

 1 metre = 39-3708 inches (approx. 1,^ yards). 

 •1 „ =1 decimetre. 

 •01 „ =1 centimetre (approx. ^^^ inch). 

 •001 „ =1 millimetre (approx. -^ inch.) 



