THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. 



19 



tion suggested by Haywood, 1 based upon chemical principles, while 

 somewhat cumbersome because of the complex characters to be 

 considered, is probably the best that has yet been offered. Hay- 

 wood's scheme is as follows: 



HAYWOOD'S CLASSIFICATION. 



GROUP. 



Thermal waters may be denned as those which issue from the earth 

 at a markedly higher temperature than the surrounding atmosphere 

 throughout the whole year, and nonthermal waters as those which 

 issue from the ground at approximately the same temperature or 

 less than the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere throughout 

 the whole year. By reason of the fact, however, that such a classifi- 

 cation would produce a sliding scale, and would classify as thermal a 

 water which in a warmer climate would be nonthermal, it has been 

 thought best to adopt the scheme proposed by A. C. Peale, and 

 classify all waters above 70 F. as thermal, and all below as non- 

 thermal. Waters between 70 F. and 98.6 F. would, according to 

 this classification, be considered as tepid or warm, while waters above 

 98.6 F. would be considered as hot. 



Alkaline waters are (1) those which have an alkaline reaction 2 and 

 contain carbonic or bicarbonic acid ions in predominating quantities; 

 (2) those which have an alkaline reaction and contain boric or 

 silicic acid ions in predominating quantities, where it can be demon- 

 strated that the alkalinity is largely due to the presence of borates 

 or silicates. The first class of alkaline waters is well known and is 

 given in Peale's classification as constituting the whole class of alka- 

 line waters. The second class includes those which are more alkaline 

 than can be accounted for by the carbonates or bicarbonates present, 

 and contain predominating quantities of silicates or borates which 

 evidently cause this excess of alkalinity. 



1 Loc. cit. 



2 When acid and alkaline reactions are mentioned in these definitions, methyl orange is supposed to be 

 used as indicator. 



