Feb. 3, 1882.] 



KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



291 



■> ith a power of 80. The black gap leading up to the 

 irajiczium of four stars is known as "the fish's mouth." 



The nebulosity surrounding an isolated star, towards the 

 lottoni of tlie field, will be noted. The difference in 

 ■ oli>ur of the stars forming the trapezium will be readily 

 cl't.vtid. There are a fifth and a sixth belonging to this 

 .liruup ; but they are entirely beyond the power of such an 

 instrument as that which we are using. 



Having gazed our fill on this wonderful sight, and, 

 furthermore, particularly scrutinised the trapezium of stars 

 with the highest power at our disposal, we will lower the tele- 

 scope a little to t Orionis, a very pretty triple, in a fine field. 



F I C . l-f- . 



Its aspect, as seen with a power of 120, is shown in 

 fig. 14. The smallest of the three stars will require 

 careful looking for before the unpractised observer will see 

 it at all. 



An even more diiEcult star is p^ Orionis, represented in 

 fig. 15. This will require a power of 150 at least, and, in 



fact, as high an one as the oljserver possesses, to see the 

 companion fairly. The small star is so faint and difficult 

 with a three-inch aperture as to form a very fair light-tost 

 indeed, p' may Vie found by carrying an imaginary line 

 i through the three stars f, i, and c, in the belt, on which 

 line, at double the length of the belt from ^, it will be 

 found. 



The last illustration we shall give is of 52 Orionis, a severe 

 test of the separating power of such an instrument as 

 we are considering. At moments of the finest vision, with 

 the highest power at the observer's disposal, it will be 

 seen as in fig. 1 6. 



r / c; /e 



S2 ORIONIS 



Such are a few typical stars among a very mine of such 

 objects in which the student may well search by sweeping 

 for himself. Should he succeed in exhausting such a 

 treasury in one night's work, he may turn his telescope 

 down to Lepus, where, int4^r alia, he will find a pretty, 

 and somewhat difficult paii- in k. This is the star to the 

 right of X, and just beneath i, in the map on pp. 204 

 and 205. 



BRAIN TROUBLES. 



P.\RTiAL Loss OF Speech. 



IT will generally be noticed that some words are more 

 troublesome than others when the mind is in this 

 special state. Each person, probably, has his own pecu- 

 liarities in this respect, and can (or might) recognise, from 

 the misplacement or misspelling of particular words, the 

 necessity for rest or change of occupation. It may be 

 noticed, e\'en in more remarkable cases of defective power 

 of articulation, that some words suffer more than others. 

 In the following case the patient had had an apoplectic fit, 

 from which he recovered so far that his intellect and bodily 

 strength were restored, but he could not speak intelligibly. 

 He laboured under no paralytic attection, and could articu- 

 late freely, only, unfortunately, the syllables which he 

 uttered with great apparent ease were meaningless. 

 " When he came to Dublin, his extraordinary jargon led 

 to his being treated as a foreigner in the hotel where he 

 stopped, and when he went to the college to see a friend, 

 he was unable to express his wish to the gate-porter, and 

 succeeded only by pointing to the apartments which his 

 friend had occupied " He perfectly understood every word 

 addressed to him. He could read and understand written 

 words and printed matter. " Having procured a copy of 

 Andral's ' Pathology ' in French, he read it with great 

 diligence, having lately intended to embrace the medical 

 profession." He expressed his ideas in writing with 

 considerable fluency ; and when he failed, it appeared to 

 arise merely from confusion, and not from inability, the 

 words being orthographically correct, but sometimes not in 

 their proper places. We pass over other details indicating 

 that he retained full possession of his mental faculties. 

 The peculiar imperfection of language which he exhibited 

 was thus tested by Dr. Osliorn : He selected and laid 

 before the patient the following sentence from the bye-laws 

 of the College of Pliysicians : — 



" It shall he in the povwr of the College to examine or not 

 examine any Licentiate previous to his admissio>i to a 

 Fellowship, as they shall think fit." 



This being set him to read, he gave (at intervals of a few 

 days), the two following versions : — 



"(i.) " An the be ichat in the temother of the trothododoo to 

 majorum or that emidrate ein einkrastrai mestreit to ketra 

 iotombreidei to ra fromtreido as that kekritest." 



(ii.) " Be mather be in the kondreit of the compestret to 

 samtreis amtreit emtreido and teiiitreido mestreit er so to his 

 eftreido turn bried rederiso of deiddaf drit des trest." 



Here it will be noticed that the words " be in the " were 

 correctly given on both occasions, except that on the first 

 the word "what" is interposed between "be" and "in" 

 (no doulit, merely as a question,) (What ?). Again, the 

 words " of the " were given correctly on both occasions. 

 The word " to " was given correctly three times out of 

 four, and on the fourth was probably nearly right, though 

 lost in the written transcript in the word " tian " query 

 toom '/). Strangely enough, the words " to his," correctly 

 given on the second occasion, were represented by the sin- 

 gular combination " to ketra " on the first. The word 

 " examine," which occurs four times altogether, is repre- 

 sented by the following dissimilar combinations of syllables, 

 (i) "majorum," (ii) "emidrate," {iii) " samtreis," smA (\y) 

 " emtreido," which only resemble each other in this, that 

 all contain an " m" in the first syllable, and an "r" in 

 the second. It is noteworthy again, and seems to prove 

 the utter absence of method in this patient's defective arti- 

 culation, that, whereas on the second occasion the three 

 dissimilar words "examine," "licentiate," and " admis- 



