aiARCH 31, 1882.] 



♦ KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



463 



MAGAZINE OF SS|ENCE 



PiAlNLrVfORDED -£XACTLfflES_CRIBED 



LONDON: FRIDAY, MARCH 31, 1882. 



Contents op No. 22. 



' FAOl. 



Path of Mars from 1873 to 1S!)3 463 



The Anfiquitv of Mun in Weatom 



Enrup?. B> Ed«iu Clodil -1«3 I 



Fonnd Links. By Dr. Andrew 

 Wilson, F.B.S.E., F.L.S. Part 



IV. 



164 



PhotofniBphv for .\inateur^. By A 



Brothers."F.R.A.S. Part 11 lee 



XolM on Rowing. By an Old Club 



Captain " »6 



The Sun in April. (Itlurirated) ...468 

 KevioKs. The Two Hemispheres ... 471) 

 Did the K^rptians Know of the 



Movement of the Earth in Space . 470 

 Weather Diagram, for Week Ending 



Saturday, March io 471 



Mesmerism 471 



PAOR. 



The Carnivorous Parrot 471 



Easy Lessons in Blowpipe Chemistry. 

 Bt Lieut .-Colonel W. A. Ross, 



lateR.A. (IlUslrated) 471 



Slar-Map for April 473 



Cod-Sounds and Scientific Privilege 477 

 CoRBBspoxDBHCB :— Screw-driver — 

 Colour of Paleolithic Man : Christ- 

 mas Roses — Jupiter in Cassiopeia 



—High Numbers, &c 478-480 



Queries 481) 



Replies to Queries 4a0 



Answers to Correspondents -180 



Notes on Art and Science 4S3 



Our Mathematical Column 483 



Our^Vhist Column 484 



Our Chess Column 483 



PATH OF MARS FROM 1875 to 1892. 



Bv a mistake, for which I fear I have no one but 

 myself to thank, 1877 was printed for 1892 in the 

 heading to the looped path of 3Iars from 1875 to 

 1892. As there are some GOO positions of the planet 

 (all separately laid down before the path was carried 

 through them) and the constructions for these involved 

 many hours of lal)Our, it was rather annoying to find 

 the diagram appeai-ing as if it only showed the planet's 

 path during two or three past years, instead of showing it 

 for seventeen years, ten of which have still to pass. For 

 a time I felt disposed to reject Liebig's saying that "there 

 is no harm in making a mistake." — Ed. 



THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN 

 WESTERN EUROPE. 



By Edwin Clodd. 



IT is well known that the period from the unknown date 

 of man's appearance in Europe until about the 

 Christian era, is divided by antiquarians into the Ages of 

 Stone, Bronze, and Iron. Such a division, anticipated 

 nearly 2,000 years ago by Lucretius in his immortal poem, 

 De Rei'um Nalurd* is not restricted to one quarter of the 

 globe, but holds good for every part habitable once or 

 inhabited now ; a mass of ever-increasing evidence being 

 producible to show that the use of stone and other acces- 

 sible and pliable materials preceded that discovery of metals 

 which placed so powerful an instrument of control and 

 advancement in the hands of mankind. These divisions of 

 stone and metal-using periods, it should be Viome in mind, 

 are not to be applied to all parts of the world at one 

 and the same time, as if there had been a universal and 

 co-temporaneous abolition of stone at a given epoch in 

 human history, and a universal adoption of the compound 

 metal bronze in its place. In the later periods of the 

 Stone Age, it is certain that Europe was occupied by races 



»Bk. v., 1,282. JIunro's tr., p. 268. 



in markedly varying degrees of civilisation. The people 

 settled along the shores of the ^Mediterranean were far 

 ahead of those scattered over Northern Europe, iron being 

 probably known to the former, while the latter still used 

 ground and polished stone implements, or bartered the 

 much-prized amber for Etruskan and Phoenician bronze. 

 So in the present day, widely as metals are dispersed by 

 traders, wo find barbarous races who still make shift with 

 tools and weapons of stone. 



But it is more important for our present purpose to 

 poijit out what is not so well known, namely, that the 

 subdivision of the Stone Age into the Pala>nlithic or 

 Older, and the Neolithic or Newer, marks a dift'erence 

 between these, which is in every respect greater than 

 that between the Neolitliic and succeeding ages. Whilst 

 these latter cover a comparatively trifling, although 

 crowded, span of man's tenancy of Europe, and one over 

 which the line of his advance is, if dim and zigzag, un- 

 broken ; the Paheolithic is of remote origin, of unknown, 

 but certainly vast, duration, and but sparsely marked with 

 the traces of his presence. Tlie men of Neolithic times, 

 concerning whom ISIr. Grant Allen has given the readers of 

 Knowledge a vivid and accurate sketch, are the direct 

 ancestors of peoples of whom remnants yet lurk in out-of- 

 the-way corners of Europe, where they have been squeezed 

 or stranded ; but the men of Palaeolithic times can be iden- 

 tified with no existing races ; they were savages of a more 

 degraded type than any extant ; tall, yet barely erect, 

 with short legs and twisted knees, with prognathous — that 

 is, projecting, ape-like jaws, and small brains. Whence 

 they came we cannot tell, and their " grave knoweth no 

 man to this day." The implements of the ancient Stone 

 Age, mainly of flint, sometimes of chert (an impure, flint- 

 like quartz), coarse, rough-chipped and unpolished, can 

 never be confounded with those of the later age, which are 

 made of divers native or imported materials ground to a 

 fine edge and polished, often exquisitely shaped, and highly 

 ornamented. Whilst those of Neolithic times are found in 

 surface remains, cavern-floors, camps, temples, tombs, and 

 mounds, from stately tumuli to rubbish-heaps on the Baltic 

 coasts, all more or less within the province of the antiquary, 

 those of Paleolithic times are unearthed by the geologist 

 from ancient river-valleys, from " caves and dens of 

 the earth," and from deposits so venerable that their 

 contents demand a far higher antiquity for man than many 

 anthropologists, by no means the slaves of Archbishop 

 Ussher's chronology, are as yet willing to allow. Between 

 the Older and Newer Stone Ages there is fixed the great 

 gulf of climatal change and of altered distribution in land 

 and water, for wliile the early, if not the earliest. Neolithic 

 immigrants into Britain traversed a continent which, 

 certain northern parts excepted, has undergone only local 

 changes since they crossed it on their westward path, 

 Pal.Tolithic man passed -nithout hindrance where now flows 

 the English Channel ; the mainland stretched northwards 

 beyond Ireland and Iceland ; through a forest-covered area 

 over which the German Ocean rolls ran the Rhine, 

 its waters swelled by streams now known as the Thames 

 and Humber, to empty itself in the North Atlantic. 

 Southward, the continent was joined to Africa at 

 Morocco and Tunis, dividing the Mediterranean into 

 land-locked seas, and making easy passage for man and 

 brute from tropical to cooler zones. WHiilst the animals 

 brought l>y Neolithic races from the East were, in the main, 

 those familiar to oursehes, those with which Palaeolithic 

 man waged war in forest and swamp were mammals now 

 whoUy extinct, or found only in arctic or tropical lati- 

 tudes. The curious admbcture with human relics of 

 remains of animals adapted to widely different regions 



