.Vpkil 28, 1882.] 



KNOWLEDGE 



551 



ihore is good ethnological reason for believing that, 

 iven in this most English part of England, the lirst 

 Tfutons did not wholly drive away the Britons, but 

 onquercd and enslaved some of them. This belief is 

 tully countenanced by the few historians who liave handed 

 i!o\nj to us some meagre traditional account of the English 

 sittleraent ; for both the Welsh monk, CJildas, who wrote 

 ;i hundred years after the landing of the English in Kent, 

 and the English monk, Ba>da, who wrote nearly a century 

 later, inform us that some of the Britons gave themselves 

 up as slaves to their conquerors. No doubt such slaves 

 would be quickly Teutonised in creed, and Anglicised in 

 speech ; but from the ethnological point of view a 

 Kuskarian is a Euskarian still, whatever religion he may 

 iiappen to profess, or whatever language he may happen to 

 speak. His tongue or faith would produce no immediate 

 ihange in the colour of his skin and eyes. To this day, 

 indeed, the darker people in the east of England are mainly 

 to be found among the peasantry. 



The midland districts of England were slowly conquered 

 by the English setting out from tiicir earliest colonies on 

 the coast ; and as they moved inward, they appear to have 

 :-pared more and more of the native Britons at each 

 advance, and even to have substituted political subjugation 

 for personal slavery. For example, it seems likely that 

 the West Saxons landed in Southampton Water about fifty 

 years after the Jutish conquest of Kent. They settled in 

 Hampshire after some years' hard lighting, but more than 

 half-a-century elapsed before they conquered Old Sarum 

 and occupied Wiltshire. Still more slowly did they proceed 

 across Dorset and Somerset, reaching Bath after nearly a 

 L'utury, Bradford after a century and a half, and Taunton 

 :'ter two centuries. In these two counties the proportion 

 : Celt^ Euskarian blood is very strong ; in Devon, which 

 -K was only finally annexed more than three hundred years 

 titer the first landing, the Teutonic element even now 

 represents a mere fraction. As to Cornwall, that of course 

 retained even its Celtic speech till the last century, as some 

 parts of Devon did till the reign of Queen Elizabeth. In- 

 deed, Alfred the Great in his will describes all the people of 

 Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, and Devon as Welsh-kind. This 

 one example will show the comparatively small amount of 

 Teutonic blood that the English invasion actually brought 

 into the country. It was just the same elsewhere. In 

 the Severn valley, for instance, Welsh and English 

 coalesced very early, and the people of Gloucestershire, 

 Worcestershire, Shropshire, and Cheshire belong very 

 largely to the dark type, while those of Herefordshire and 

 Monmouthshire are purely W^el.sh by V)lood. So in the 

 north, a great Welsh kingdom of Strathclyde long held out 

 between Glasgow and the ^Mersey, and when at last it was 

 conquered by the English of Northunibria, its people still 

 remained upon the soil as suVyect inhabitants. To this 

 day, the dark type is common in Lancashire, Ayrshire, and 

 the hill districts of the West Riding, though in Cumber- 

 land and Westmoreland there is a large later infusion of 

 light Scandinavian blood, about which more hereafter. 



Thus, the English occupation was really, to a great 

 extent, rather a mere Teutonisation of Britain than an exter- 

 mination of the original Britons. The light Aryan stock, 

 no doubt, received a large accession of strength ; but the 

 dark Euskarian stock was not by any means aiinihilated 

 or driven away. In Sussex, Essex, and the Lothians, the 

 English seem to have settled very thickly, and to have 

 \ spared very few of the native Britons, though we must 

 i remember that these parts were probably inhabited for the 

 \ most part V)y fairly pure Celts (not Euskarians), whose 

 i descendants we cannot now discriminate from those 

 ,\oi the equally Aryan Teutons. In Yorkshire, Lincoln- 



shire, East Anglia, Kent, and Hampshire, the con- 

 querors apparently enslaved a considerable number of 

 the dark serfs whom they found upon the soil ; and 

 their type is still preserved amongst the peasantry 

 of those districts. As we move westwai-d and inland, 

 however, we find fewer and fewer pure English, mixed 

 with a larger and larger proportion of dark natives. In 

 the eastern midlands, the light type is commonest ; in 

 the western midlands and the Severn valley, the dark type 

 distinctly predominates. In Devonshire, Herefordshire, 

 Lancashire, and Ayrshire, a few English overlords seem, 

 after a long struggle, to have settled at last among a very 

 large subject population. And finally, into Cornwall, 

 Wales, and the Highlands, the English never penetrated 

 at all, except as purely political conquerors. But we must 

 leave over for another paper the settlements of the Scan- 

 dinavians in Scotland, the Lake district, and Ireland, as 

 well as the existing distribution of the ethnical elements 

 in the British Islands of our own day. 



THE CRYSTAL PALACE ELECTRICAL 

 EXHIBITION. 



Ninth Notice. 



AMIDST all the brilliancy of the electric light display, 

 it is scarcely to be wondered at that several exhibits — 

 indeed, we may say several classes of exhibits — pass almost 

 unnoticed. Even in walking through the nave — the prin- 

 cipal part of the Palace — we can observe a number of stalls 

 richly laden with apparatus, more or less interesting and 

 unique, around which hardly a person is to be seen ; while, 

 if we turn our eyes to either the Swan, Edison, Brush, or 

 other electric light exhibits, we behold always a crowd of 

 visitors, all more or less interested in what they are so 

 intently gazing on. 



One of the displays having great interest for the scien- 

 tific visitor is that of Messrs. Blakey, Emmott, & Co., of 

 Halifax. They have two stalls — one in the nave, close to 

 the Post-ofBce exhibit, and the other in the gallery. Their 

 exhibits are catalogued in eight out of the fourteen classes 

 into which the exhibition is divided. In Class I., they 

 exhibit apparently excellent frictional machines, of the 

 Winter and other types, and other apparatus for explaining 

 static electricity. 



Class II. (Batteries and allied apparatus) is well repre- 

 sented, but here, as in a number of the other classes, there 

 is considerable difficulty in tracing exhibits to their proper 

 class. Apparatus is shown designed for innumerable pur- 

 poses ; but perhaps the greatest amount of interest centres 

 in the telephonic display. A great feature one cannot help 

 noticing is the extreme care that has evidently been taken 

 to give the apparatus the highest attainable point of effi- 

 ciency, which can only be accomplished by using the best 

 materials, and paying unusual attention to the processes of 

 manufacture and finishing. It must not be imagined, how- 

 ever, that we are championing extravagant apparatus — such, 

 for instance, as the very elaborate Crossley Transmitti r, 

 but our remarks refer more particidarly to meaner-lookii:- 

 apparatus. 



Assuming that our readers have seen a telephone circui! , 

 they will doubtless remember that such a circuit is generally 

 furnished with a call-bell. An electric current is required 

 to work the bell, and Messrs. Blakey & Co. exhibit some 

 well-made apparatus, in which the current is generated by 

 tui-ning a handle, and so revolving a Siemens' armature (see 

 our articles on " Electric Generators ") between the poles 

 of strong permanent magnets. The apparatus is very 

 small, but is, nevertheless, said to be capable of ringing a 



