136 



♦ KNO\VLEDGE ♦ 



[Aug. 31, 1883. 



be freely available for kitchen uses, and the now populai' 

 product of the Chicago hog factories will be altogether 

 banished therefrom, and used only for greasing cart-wheels 

 and other machinery. 



As a practical conclusion of this part of my subject, T 

 will quote from this month's number of Tlie Oil Trade 

 Review the current wholesale prices of some of the oils 

 possibly available for frying purposes. Olive oil, from £-13 

 to £90 per tun of 2.')2 gallons ; Cod oil £36 per tun ; 

 Sardine or train (i.e. the oil that drains from pilchards, 

 herrings, sardines, ic, when salted) £27. 10s. to £28 per 

 tun. Cocoamit from £35 to £38 per ton of 20 cwt. (This 

 in the case of oil is nearly the same as the measured tun.) 

 Falm from £38 to £40. 10s. per ton ; Palm-iwt or copra, 

 £31. 10s. per ton; Refined cotton seed, £30. 10s. to £31 

 per ton ; Lard, £.53 to £55 per ton. The above are tlie 

 extreme ranges of each class. I have not copied the tech- 

 nical names and prices of the intermediate varieties. One 

 penny per lb. is = £9. Gs. 8d. per ton, or in round numbers, 

 £1 'per ton may be reckoned as l-9th of a penny per lb. 

 Thus the present price of best refined cotton-seed oil is 3J,d. 

 per lb. ; of cocoanut oil, 3|d. ; palm-oil, from 3id. to i^d., 

 while lard costs 6d. per lb. wholesale — usually 7d. 



I should add in reference to the seed-oils, that there is a 

 possible oVijection to their use as frying media. Oils ex- 

 tracted from seeds contain more or less of linoleine (so- 

 named from its abundance in linseed oil), which, when 

 exposed to the air, combines with oxygen, swells and dries. 

 If the oil from cotton-seed or poppy-seed contains too 

 much of this, it will thicken inconveniently when kept for 

 a length of time exposed to the air. Palm-oil is practically 

 free from it, but I am doubtful respecting palm-nut oil, as 

 most of the nut-oils are "driers." 



EVOLUTION OF HUMAN 

 PHYSIOGNOMY.* 



By E. D. Cope. 



THE ability to read character in the form of the human 

 face and figure, is a gift possessed by comparatively 

 few persons, although most people interpret, more or less 

 correctly, the salient points of human expression. The 

 transient appearances of the face reveal temporary phases 

 of feeling which are common to all men ; but the constant 

 qualities of the mind should be expressed, if at all, in the 

 permanent forms of the executive instrument of the mind, 

 the body. To detect the peculiarities of the mind by 

 external marks, has been the aim of the ))liysiognomist of 

 all times ; but it is only in the light of modern evolu- 

 tionary science that much progress in this direction can be 

 made. The mind, as a function of part of the body, 

 partakes of its perfections and its defects, and exhibits 

 parallel types of development. Every peculiarity of the 

 body has probably some corresponding significance in the 

 mind ; and the causes of the former, are the remoter causes 

 of the latter. Hence, before a true physiognomy can be 

 attempted, the origin of the features of the face and 

 general form must be known. Not that a perfect physiog- 

 nomy will ever be possible. A mental constitution so 

 complex as that of man cannot be expected to exhibit more 

 than its leading features in the body ; but these include, 

 after all, most of what it is important for us to be able to 

 read, from a practical point of view. 



* Abstract of a lecture delivered before the Franklin Institute 

 of PLilidelphia, .Tan. 20, 1881, in exposition of principles laid down 

 ill Tie Hy;otliess of Evolution, New Haven, IbTO, p. 31. 



The present essay will consider the probable origin of the 

 structural points which constitute the permanent expres-, 

 sion. These may be divided into three heads, viz. : (1) 

 Those of the general form or figure ; (2) Those of the 

 surface or integument of the body with its appendages ; 

 and (3) Those of the forms of the head and face. The 

 points to be considered under each of these heads are the 

 following ; — 



/. — 7'Ae General Form. 



1. The size of the head. 



2. The squareness or slope of the shoulders. 



3. The length of the arui.s. 



i. The constriction of the wai.st. 



5. The width of the hips. 



6 The length of the leg, principally of the thigh. 



7. The sizes of the hands and feet, 



S. The relative sizes of the muscles. 



//. — The Surfaces. 

 9. The structure of the hair (whether curled or not). 



10. The length and position of the hair. 



11. The size and shape of the nails. 



12. The smoothness of the skin. 



13. The colour of the skin, hair, and irides. 



///. — Tlie Head and Face. 



14. The relative size of the cerebral to the facial regions, 



1 5. The prominence of the forehead. te-*^ 



1 6. The prominence of the superciliary (eyebrow) ridges.. 



17. The prominence of the alveolar borders (jaws). 



18. The prominence and width of the chin. 



19. The relation of length to width of skull. 



20. The prominence of the malar (cheek) bones. 



21. The form of the nose. 



22. The relative size of the orbits and eyes. 



23. The size of the mouth and lips. 



Fig. 1, — Section of skull of adult orang-outang (bimia t^atyrus).. 

 Pig. 2. — Section of skull of young orang, showing relatrirely shorter- 

 jaws and more prominent cerebral region. 



The significance of these, as of the more important struc- 

 tural characters of man and the lower animals, must be 

 considered from two standpoints, the palicontological and 

 the embrjologica'. Tl.e immediate pahcontological iMstory 



