Aug. 31, 1883.] 



» KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



137 



of man is unknown, but may be easily inferred from the 

 characteristics displayed by his nearest relatives of the 

 order Quadrumana. If we compare these animals with 

 man, we find the following general differences. The 

 numbers correspond to those of the list above given. 



/. As to Ge7ieral Form. — (3) In the apes the arms are 

 longer ; (8) the extensor muscles of the leg are smaller. 



//. As to Surfacf. — (9) The body is covered with hair 

 which is not crisp or woolly ; (10) the hair of the head is 

 short; (13) the colour of the skin, A'c, is dark. 



///. As to Head and Face. — (14) The facial region of 

 the skull is large as compared with the cerebral ; (1.5) the 

 forehead is not prominent, and is generally retreating ; 

 (IG) the superciliary ridges are more prominent ; (17) the 

 edges of the jaws are more prominent; (1^) the chin is 

 less prominent ; (20) the cheek bones are more promi- 

 nent ; (21) the nose is without bridge, and with short and 

 fiat cartilages ; (22) the orbits and eyes are smaller (except 

 in Nyctipithecus) ; (24) the mouth is small and the lips 

 are thin. 



It is evident that the possession of any one of the above 

 characteristics by a man approximates him more to the 

 monkeys, so far as it goes. He retains features which 



Fig. 3. — Portrait of a girl at five years of age. 



have been obliterated in other persons in tlie process of 

 evolution. 



In considering the physiognomy of man from an embryo- 

 logical standpoint, we must consider the peculiarities of the 

 infant at birth. The nuniliers of the following list corre- 

 spond with those already used. 



/. As to the General Form. — (1) The head of the infant 

 is relatively much larger than in the adult ; (3) the arms 

 are relatively longer ; (4) there is no waist ; (G) the leg, and 

 especially the thigh, are much shorter. 



//. As to the Surfaces. — (10) The body is covered with 

 line hair, and that of the head is short. 



///. The Head and Face. — (14) The cerebral part of the 

 skull greatly predominates over the facial ; (IG) the super- 

 ciliary ridges are not developed ; (17) the alveolar borders 

 are not prominent ; (20) the malar bones arc not promi- 

 nent ; (21) the nose is without bridge and the cartilages 

 are flat and generally short; (22) the eyes are larger. 



It is evident that persons who present any of the cha- 

 racters cited in the above list are more infantile or 

 embryonic in those respects than are others ; and that 

 those who lack them have kft them behind in reaching 

 mat rity. 



We have now two sets of characters in which men may 

 dilli.r from each other. In the one set the characters 



are those of monkeys, in the other [they are those'of 

 infants. Let us see whether there be any identities in the 

 two lists, i.e., whether there be any of the monkey-like 

 characters which are also infantile. We find the following 

 to be such : 



/. As to General Form. — (3) The arms are longer. 



//. Surface. — (10) The hair of the head is short, and the 

 hair on the body is more di.stributed. 



///. As to Head and Face. — (21) The nose is without 

 bridge and the cartilages are short and fiat. 



Three characters only out of twenty-three. On the other 

 hand, the following characters of monkey-like significance 

 are the opposites of those included in the embryonic list : 

 (14) The facial region of the skull is large as compared 

 with the cerebral ; (15) the forehead is not prominent ; (IG) 

 the Superciliary ridges are more prominent; (17) the edges 

 of the jaws are more prominent. Four characters, all of 

 the head and face. It is thus evident that in attaining 

 maturity man resembles more and more the apes in some 

 important parts of his facial expression. 



It must be noted here that the difference between the 

 young and embryonic monkeys and the adults is quite the- 



Fig. 4. — Portrait of the same at seventeen years, showing the- 

 elongation of the facial region, and less protuberance of the 

 cerebral. 



same as those just mentioned as distinguishing the young 

 from the adult of man (Figs. 1, 2). The change, however, 

 in the case of the monkeys is greater than in the case of 

 man. That is, in the monkeys the jaws and superciliary 

 ridges become still more prominent than in man. As these 

 characters result from a longer course of growth from the 

 infant, it is evident that in these respects the apes are 

 more fully developed than man. Man stops short in the 

 development of the face, and is in so far more embryonic.*^ 

 The prominent forehead and reduced jaws of man are cha- 

 racters of " retardation." The characters of the prominent 

 nose, with its elevated bridge, is a result of " acceleration," 

 since it is a suporaddition to the qiiadrumanous type from 

 both the standpoints both of paheontology and embry- 

 ology.* Tlu^ devi'lopment of the bridge of the nose is no 

 doubt directly connected with the development of the 

 front of the cerebral part of the skull and ethnoid bone, 

 which sooner or later carries the nasal bones with it. 

 {To ho continued.) 



* This fact has been well stated by C. S. Minot in the 'Naturalist 

 for 1S82, p. 511. 



* See Ciipe. The Ilvpcthcsis of Evolution, New Haven, 1870, 

 p. 31. 



