168 



KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



[Sept. 14, 1883. 



EVOLUTION OF HUMAN 

 PHYSIOGNOMY. 



By E. D. Cope. 



{Continued from parje 137.) 



IF we now examine the leading characters of the pliy- 

 siognomy of three of the principal human sub-species, 

 the Negro, the Mongolian, and the Indo-European, we can 

 readily observe that it is in the two hrst-named that there 

 is a predominance of the quadrumanous features which are 

 retarded in man ; and that the embryonic characters which 

 predominate are those in which man is accelerated. In 

 race description the prominence of the edges of the jaws 

 is called prognathism (forward jaws), and its absence or- 

 thognathism (straight jaws). The signilicance of the two 

 lower race characters as compared with those of the Indo- 

 European, is as follows : — 



Xegro. — Hair crisp (a special character), short (quadru- 

 manous acceleration); prognathous (quadrum. accel. ); nose 

 flat, without bridge (quadrum. retard.)*; malar bones pro- 

 minent (quadrum. accel.) ; beard short (quadrum. retard.) ; 

 arms longer (quadrum. accel.) ; extensor muscles of legs 

 small (quadrum. retard.). 



i^ 



Fig. 5. — Profile of a Luchatze negro woiiian, showing deficient 

 bridge of nose and chin, and elongate facial region and progna- 

 thism. 



Jloni/olian. — Hair straight, long (accel. ); jaws progna- 

 thous (([uadrum. accel.) ; nose flat or prominent with or 

 ■without bridge ; malar bones prominent (quadrum accel ) ; 

 beard none (embryonic) ; arms shorter (retard.) ; e.xtensor 

 muscles of leg smaller (quad, retard.). 



Indo-European. — Hair long (accel.) ; jaws orthogna- 

 thous (embryonic retard.) ; nose (generally) prominent 

 ■with bridge (accel.); malar bones reduced (retard.) ; beard 

 long (accel.); arms shorter (retard.); extensor muscles of 

 the leg large (accel.). 



The Indo-European race is then the highest by virtue of 

 the accelleration of urowth in the development of the 

 muscles by which the body is maintained in the erect 

 position (extensors of the leg), and in those important ele- 

 ments of beauty, a well-developed nose and beard. It is 

 also superior in those points in which it is more embryonic 

 than the other races, viz., the want of prominence of the 

 jaws and cheek-bones, since these are associated with a 

 greater prominence of the cerebral part of the skull, 



* In the Bochiman^:, the flat na=al bones are codssified with the 

 adjacent elements, as in the apes (Thulie). 



increased size of cerebral hemispheres, and greater intel- 

 lectual power. 



A comparison between the two sexes of the Indo-Euro- 

 peans expresses their physical and mental relations in a 

 definite way. I select the sexes of the most civilised races, 

 since it is in these, according to Broca and Topinard, that 

 the sex characters are most pronounced. They may be con- 

 trasted as follows. The numbers are those of the list on 

 page 136 already used. I first consider those which are 

 used in the tables of embryonic, quadrumanous, and race 

 characters : — 



iI.\LE. Female. 



/. The General Form. 

 2. .Shoulders square. Shoulders sloped. 



4. Waist less constricted. Waist, more constricted. 



5. Hips narrower. Hips wider. 

 *t. Legs longer. Legs shorter. 



S. Muscles larger. lluscles smaller. 



II. The Integuments, etc. 



10. More hair on body, that of Less hair on body, that of head 



head shorter; beard. longer; no beard. 



12. Skin rougher (generally). Skin smoother. 



III. The Head and Fate. 



10. Superciliary ridges more Superciliary ridges low. 



prominent. Eyes often larger. 



22. Eves often smaller. 



Fig. 6. — Face of another negro, showing flat nose, less progi a* 

 thism and larger cerebral region. From Serpa Pinto. 



The characters in which the male is most like the infant 

 are two, viz , the narrow hips and short hair. Those in 

 which the female is most embryonic are five, viz., the 

 shorter legs, smaller muscles, absence of beard, low super- 

 ciliary ridges, and frequently larger eyes. To these may 

 be added two others not mentioned in the above lists ; 

 these are (l)the high-pitched voice, which never falls an 

 octave as does that of the male ; and (2) the structure of 

 the generative organs, which in all mammalia more nearly 

 resemble the embryo and the lower vertebrata in the female 

 than in the male. Nevertheless, as Bischoft' has pointed 

 out, one of the most important distinctions between man 

 and the apes is to be found in the external reproductive 

 organs of the female. 



From the preceding rapid sketch the reader will be able 

 to explain the meaning of most of the peculiarities of face 

 and form which we meet with. Many persons possess at 

 least one quadrumanous or embryonic character. The 

 strongly convex upper lip frequently seen among the lower 

 classes of the Irish is a modified quadrumanous character. 

 Many people, especially those of the Sclavic races, have 

 more or less embryonic noses. A retreating chin is a 



