Sept. IJ, 1^83. 



• KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



169 



marked monkey character. Shortness of stature is mostly 

 due to shortness of the femur, or thigh ; the inequalties of 

 people sitting are much less than those of people standing. 

 A short femur is embryonic ; so is a very large head. 

 The faces of some people are always partially emVjryonic, 

 in having a short face and light lower jaw. Such faces are 

 still more emVjryonic when the forehead and eyes are pro- 

 tuberant. Retardation of this kind is frequently seen in 



of the monkeys. The gluteus muscles developed in the 

 lower races as well as in the higher, distinguish them well 

 from the monkeys with their flat posterior outline. 



Fig. 7. — Ksequibo Indian women, showinj^ tlio following pecu- 

 liarities : deficient bridge of nose, prognathism, no waist, and (the 

 right-hand figure) deficiency of stature through short femur. 

 From photographs by Endlich. 



children, and less frequently in women. The length of the 

 arms would appear to have grown less in comparatively 

 recent times. Thus the humerus in most of the Greek 

 statues, including the Apollo Belvidere, is longer than 

 those of modern Europeans, according to a writer in the 

 "Bulletin de la Socictc d'Anthropologie," of Paris, and rc- 

 resembles more nearly that of the modern Nubians than 

 any other people. This is a quadrunianous condition. The 

 miserably developed calves of many of the savages of 

 Australia, Africa, and America, are well known. The fine 

 swelling gastrocnemius and soleus muscles characterise the 

 highest races, and are most remote from the slender shanks 



:<a«> 



Fig. 8. — Portrait of Satanta, a late chief of the Kiowas (from the 

 Red Eiver of Texas), from a photograph. The predominance of 

 the facial region, and especially of the malar bones, and the absence 

 of beard, ai'e noteworthy. 



Some of these features have a purely physical signid- 

 cance, but the majority of them are, as already remarked, 

 intimately connected with the development of the mind, 

 either as a cause or as a necessary coincidence. 



TRICYCLES. 



THE article in Knowledge (No. 96) from the able 

 pen of Mr. Browning prompts me, a rider of some 

 fifteen years' experience of both bicycle and tricycle, to 

 address you a few remarks upon the same subject, as I fear 

 that Mr. Browning's deductions have led him to enounce 

 theories concerning tricycles which, if acted upon by the 

 novice, will assuredly cause him to become disgusted with 

 his first eftbrts. 



Small wheels are a great mistake from every point of 

 view, and it is far easier to propel a machine with 50-inch 

 wheels geared down to, say, i'2, than it would be to drive 

 a machine of even less weight with 36-inch wheels. 



It is absurd to talk of anyone being content with a speed 

 of four or rive miles an hour, as such a pace can only 

 lead to the rider becoming disgusted with the affair 

 altogether. 



It is as easy to ride a machine with large wheels at tlie 

 rate of seven or eight miles an hour as it would be to ride 

 one with 36-inch wheels at the rate of four miles an hour ; 

 nay, easier. 



A man perched upon a machine with such small wheels 

 looks as if riding a child's go-cart, and is hailed with deri- 

 sion by the drivers of carts, who are much more likely to 

 give way to a machine that they can see is a vehicle than 



