Nov. 30 1883.] 



KNO^VLEDGE 



331 



124,580 in 1881. Turning to the principal professions, the 

 results are equally significant. Thus in 1871 the clerical 

 profession numbered 44, .562, against 51,120 in 1881 ; law, 

 &c., 37,327, against 43,G41 ; medical, 44,214, against 

 64,548; teachers, 127,140, against 171,831; scientific 

 persons, 6,192, against 8,394 ; artists, 1G,5G2, against 

 58,517 ; authors, editors, and journalists (males) 2,148, 

 against 2,982 ; and females, 255 against 452. The 

 increase in all these departments of intellectual 

 culture is very noticeable, more particularly in refer- 

 ence to art, and shows conclusively what extraordinary 

 advantages have been gained during the period by the 

 people in respect to the agencies for their instruction, 

 entertainment, and refinement. It is also obvious that 

 women are now playing a very much more prominent part 

 in the great works of the nation than at the former period 

 of comparison. Thus, according to the census of 1881, 

 while the number of male teachers was 39,738 that of 

 female teachers was put at 94,241. In 1871, the cor. e- 

 sponding figures were 19,378 and 38,774. A remarkable 

 contrast 



In 1871 the number of commercial clerks was 

 89,630, whereas in 1881, the number is set down at 

 175,468, an increase evidently out of all proportion to that 

 of the population during the period. At the former period 

 the females returned as "clerks" were 1,412 strong; now, 

 according to the late census, they number 5,989. Against 

 this remarkable growth of the subordinate rank and tile of 

 the commercial class, we have to see the fact that whereas 

 in 1871 the number of merchants was returned at 15,903, 

 in 1881 these appear reduced to 10,308. Bankers, too, 

 have fallen from 1,287 to 1,052, but, per contra, brokers' 

 agents, &c., have increased from 22,776 to 30,697, and 

 commercial travellers have augmented from 17,895 to 

 35,478. 



The " General Labourers' " class has increased from 

 509,456 to 556,876. In the Returns for 1871 in the 

 general summary, we have under the heading Persons of 

 Rank and Property, 25,510 persons set down as answering 

 in some way or other to the " upper ten." In the present 

 tables under 24th section of Table 6, we find 4,856,256 

 persons returned as of property or rank, and including all 

 children under five years of age. I fail entirely to see 

 what is the use of such an item as this. 



The section devoted to the Occupations and Country of 

 Birth of Foreigners is not without interest. In the National 

 and Local Government, East Indian and Colonial services, 

 there are only 28 aliens, and of these 25 are natives of the 

 German Empire. Among the clei-gy there is a more con- 

 siderable foreign element. Taking the Established Church 

 we find 4 Austrians, 4 Swiss, 18 Germans, 3 Italians, 

 2 Norwegians, 7 Russian?, 3 Poles, 4 natives of Holland, 

 and 5 of France. Of Roman Catholic Priests, 6 are 

 Austrians, 8 Swiss, 105 Germans, 45 Italians, 2 Greeks, 

 and, strange to say, 2 Turks ; there were, too, 28 natives 

 of Holland, 67 of Belgium, 119 of France, and 10 of 

 Spain. Law does not favour foreigners much, there being 

 only 32 among the whole body of barristers, solicitors, law 

 clerks, itc, of alien birth, and of these 11 are Germans. 

 In literature the foreign element is by no m(!ans strong. 

 Of authors, editors, and journalists 6 arc Austrians, 2 are 

 Hungarians, 1 is a Swiss, 28 are Germans, 5 Italians, 1 is 

 a Dane, 3 are Russians, 11 French, 10 Portuguese, 2 

 natives of Holland, 1 Polo, 1 Belgian, and 3 Greeks. Only 

 14 foreigners are returned as reporters. Of painters, 15 

 are Austrians, 2 Hungarians, 4 Swiss, 98 Germans, 42 

 Italians, 2 Greeks, 7 Danes, 4 Swedes, 8 Russians, 4 

 Poles, 35 Belgians, 111 French, 6 Spaniards, 16 natives 

 of Holland, 1 Norwegian, 1 Portugese, and, curiously 



again, 1 is a Turk. Only 13 aliens are returned as 

 architects, and that out of a total of 6,898. Musicians, 

 as may be imagined, furnished one of the largest 

 contingents ; they are as follows : — Natives of Austria, 

 25 males, 6 females ; Hungary, 6 males, 1 female ; 

 Switzerland, 17 males, 8 females; Germany, 786 males, 

 94 females; Italy, 1,017 males, 223 females; Greece, 2 

 females ; then there were 5 Danes, 2 females ; 4 Nor- 

 wegians ; 6 Swedes, 5 females ; 7 Russians, 5 females ; 8 

 Poles; 45 natives of Holland, 7 females ; 40 Belgians, II 

 females ; 74 French, 44 females ; 4 Spaniards ; 1 Portu- 

 guese ; and 1 Turk. Those who are now exercised 

 in their minds regarding the status and prospect of 

 our ordinary commercial clerks will be interested to have 

 the precise statistics of the foreigners now competing in 

 this over-crowded department of industry with " Our 

 Boys." Turning to the table for 1881, it appears thence 

 that of commercial clerks of alien birth Denmark sent us 

 101 and 2 females; Norway, 77; Sweden, 100; Russia, 

 56, and, singularly enough, 1 female ; Poland, 2 1 ; Hol- 

 land, 137, and 2 females: Belgium, 78, and 4 females; 

 France, 351, and 9 females; Portugal, 25; Spain, 65; 

 Italy, 88, and 1 female ; Greece, 42, and 1 female ; 

 Turkey, 33^it will be noticed that the Turk is remark- 

 ably represented in the industries of this country ; Rou- 

 mania, 3 ; and last, and most formidable of all, Germany 

 sends us 1,781 males and 14 females in this capacity. In 

 1871 Germany sent us 1,257, the total then of foreigners 

 employed in England and Wales as clerks being, all told, 

 only 2,498. 



A patient search will, of course, unearth many curiosities 

 of the Census. Thus, in the returns devoted to the blind 

 it is somewhat surprising to find that the number of the 

 blind has risen from 21,590 in 1870, to 22,832 in 1882. 

 Blindness appears to prevail chiefly among musicians (males 

 496, females 70) ; agricultural labourers, itc. (males, 574, 

 females, 21); matmakers (males 158, females 5); and 

 carpenters (males 120). Touching deaf and dumb persons, 

 four are in the Civil Ser\ice, three as messengers ; one is a 

 soldier, and, most strange of all, one is returned under the 

 head Minister or Priest, and nine persons thus aflSicted are 

 recorded as ^Missionary Scripture Readers and Itinerant 

 Preachers (!) As to lunatics, these have increased from 

 39,567 in 1871, to 51,786 in 1881. I might easily multiply 

 examples of odd things from these voluminous returns, but 

 those cited here may suflice, perhaps, to indicate the sterling 

 value and interest possessed by this the third volume of 

 the Census for 1881 regarded as a whole. 



A HEAD, says the I'minma Star and Herald, taken from 

 a monolith at Tiahuanaco, has been erected in La Paz, 

 Bolivia. Some time ago General Ballivian attempted to 

 transport the monolith intact, but, after removing it some 

 distance, the work was found to be ditllcult and the eflbrt 

 was given up. This stone is eight metres in length. The 

 head which has now been taken to La Paz weighs 2,700 lb. 

 It must be remembered that the ruined city at Tiahuanaco 

 is celebrated for the massive nature of the stones employed 

 in the erection of its temples, fortresses, and houses. In 

 one of the walls there is a gigantic mass of rock, which has 

 been carefully measured and proved to weigh 250,000 lb., 

 or 1 25 short tons. Who were the builders, and how they 

 contrived to handle these enormous masses of rock remain 

 enigmas to the present day, although fancy and tradition 

 have been Inisily employed endeavouring to solve them. 

 Tiahuanaco is situate in Bolivia on the south shore of Lake 

 Titicaca. 



