216 



♦ KNOWLEDGE ♦ 



[July 1, 1887. 



P to Kt3 Q to R6 



R to Q5 Kt to Q5 



RxKt 



(Extremely bold play.) 



Bx R 

 R to Qsq Q to B4 



Q to B3 B to B4 



P to Kt4 B X BP (ch.) 



Black might have forced a wiu at oiice by Q to B3. 

 K to Esq B to R5 



R X R (ch.) R X R 



P X B 1! to B3 



K to Kt2. (The game resulted in a draw.) 



THE FACE OF THE SKY FOR JULY. 



By F.R.A.S. 



POTS continue to appear occasionally on llie sun, so 

 that the observer should not rela.x hi.s vi'atcli tor 

 them. The .sun is in apogee on the morning of 

 the 2nd ; or, in other words, the earth is at her 

 greatest dislance from him. He of course appears 

 smaller then than at any time during the year. 

 The aspect of the night sky is shown in ma[> vii. 

 of " The Stars in their Seasons." Up to July 21 

 there is no real night in any part (jf Great Britain. 

 Mercury is an evening star, and at the beginning of the month may 

 be caught with the naked eye over the W.N.W. part of the horizon 

 after sunset. He is in Cancer (" The Stars in their Seasons," map 

 iii.) throughout the month. He is at his greatest eastern elonga- 

 tion from the sun (2.j° .51') on the 1st. Venu.s, as an evening star, 

 is the most brilliant and conspicuous object in the sky. She attains 

 her greatest elongation east (45° 32') in the evening of the 13th. 

 She exhibits a beautiful crescent in the telescope now. She will be 

 found in the W. by N. after dusk. She travels across Leo (" The 

 Stars in their Seasons," map iii.) during the month. Jupiter is 

 getting so rapidly towards the west, and is .so low down, that he 

 must he looked for the moment it is dark enough. He will be found 

 a very little to the north and somewhat to the east of Spica Virginis 

 ("The Stars in their Seasons," map v.). The certainly visible 

 phenomena of his satellites during July number only twelve. They 

 are as follows : — On the 1st Satellite II. will reappear from eclipse 

 at lOh. ")m. 29s. P.M., as will the third Satellite on the 3rd at 

 lOh. 18m. 51s. P.M. On the Gth Satellite I. will be occulted at 

 llh. Om. P.M. On the 7th the shadow of Satellite I. will enter on to 

 Jupiter's face at Oh. 33m. P..M., the satellite casting it leaving his 

 opposite limb at lOh. 31m. On the 10th Satellite HI. will reappear 

 from occultation at Uh. 2Um. p.m. On the 14th the ingress of 

 Satellite I. in transit happens at lOh. 12ra. p.m. On the 15th Satellite 

 II. will be occulted at lOh. 11m. P.M., as will Satellite I. at 

 yh. 1 7m. P.M. on the 22nd. On the 24th the shadow of Satellite II. will 

 begin its transit over Jupiter's face at Uh. 43m. P.M., Satellite II. 

 itself leaving Jupiter's opposite limb only one minute later ! Finall3', 

 on the 31st, Satellite I. will reappear from eclipse at Oh. 6m. 43s. 

 Neither Saturn, Uranus, nor Neptune is, for the observer's purpose, 

 visible. The Moon is full at 8h. 34-2m. in the morning on the 5tb, 

 enters her last quarter at 6h. 57'lm. AM. on the 13th, is new at 

 8h. .50ra. P.M. on the 2Uth, and enters her first quarter at 2h. 30-3m. in 

 the afternoon of the 27th. Six occultations of fixed stars bj' the 

 Moon will occur at tolerably convenient hours for the amateur 

 observer during July. On the 1st, v Ijiline, a star of the 6th mag- 

 nitude, will disappear at the Moon's dark limb at 'Jh. 23m. P.M., at 

 an angle from her vertex of 19° ; reappearing at her bright limb at 

 lOh. 4m. P.M., at an angle of 320° from her vertex. On the Gth, 

 B.A.C. 7053, a SHh magnitude star, will disappear at the bright 

 limb of the Moon at 9h. 49 m., as will o Capricorni, also of the 

 Bjth magnitude, simultaneously. At the time of their disappear- 

 ance B.A.C. 7053 will be 37°, and o Capricorni 38° from the vertex 

 of the Moon. The first-named star will reappear at the Moon's 

 dark limb at lOh. 53m. P.M., and the second at lOh. 54m. P.M., both 

 at a vertical angle of 2S0°. On the Stli, 42 Aquarii, of the 6th mag- 

 nitude, will disappear at the bright limb 48 minutes after midnight, 

 at a vertical angle of 43°. It will not reappear until about a quarter 

 to 2 o'clock the next morning. On the afternoon of the 17th, an 

 occultation of Aldebaran will happen in bright sunshine, the star 

 disappearing at the bright limb of the Moon at 3h. 16m., at an 

 angle of 139° from her vertex, and reappearing at 3h. 33m. at a vertical 

 angle of 1 72°, of course at the dark limb. On the 25th, B.A.C. 4277, of 

 the 6th magnitude, will disappear at 8h. 20m. P.M., at the Moon's dark 

 limb, at an angle of 34° from her vertex, reappearing at her bright 



limb at 8h. 45m., at a vertical angle of 350°. Finally, on the 3Ist. 

 21 Sagittarii, of the 5th magnitude, will disappear at the dark limb 

 at 12h. 23m P.M. The reappearance at the bright limb will not 

 happen until between 1 and 2 o'clock in the early morning of 

 August 1. When our notes begin the Moon is in Libra, but at 

 oh. 30m. A.M. on the 2nd, she has arrived at the western edge of 

 the narrow northern spike of Scorpio (" The Seasons Pictured," 

 plate xxvi.). By 2 o'clock the same afternoon she has crossed this 

 and emerged in Ophiuchus. Her passage over this constellation 

 occupies her until 6h. A.M. on the 4th, when she enters Sagittarius. 

 She is travelling through Sagittarius until 2h. P.M. on the 6th, when 

 she quits it for Capricornus (" The Seasons Pictured," plate xxi.). 

 Her journey across Capricornus terminates at 4h. P.M. on the 8th, 

 and she then passes into Aquarius. Here she remains until 7h. P.M. 

 on the lOth, when she enters Pisces (" The Seasons Pictured," 

 plate xxii.). From about 7h. P.M. on the 11th to llh. p.m. on the 

 12th she is in the confines of Pisces and Cetus, but fairly enters 

 Pisces again at the hour last named. Twenty-four hours later she 

 has crcssed again into the northernmost part of Cetus, which she 

 finally quits for Aries at 6h. 30m. P.M. on the 14th. It takes her 

 precisely 24 hours to cross the constellation last named, and at 

 6h. 30m. P.M. on the 15th she pa.sses into Taurus (" The Seasons 

 Pictured,'' plate xxiii.). Travelling through Taurus, we find her at 

 Ih. 30ni. in the afternoon of the ISth on the confines of the northern 

 part of Orion; 12 hours later she has traversed this and come out 

 in Gemini ('* The Seasons Pictured," plate xxiv.) She is travelling 

 through Gemini until 6 P.M. on the 20th, when she enters Cancer; 

 quitting Cancer, in turn, for Leo at 5h. A.M. on the 22nd. She is in 

 Leo until 4h. P.M. on the 24th, at which hour she crosses the 

 boundary into Virgo ("The Seasons Pictured," plate xxv.). It takes 

 her until 3h. P.M. on the 27th to traverse this large constellation, 

 and at that hour she passes into Libra (" The Seasons Pictured," 

 plate xxvi.). Then, as at the beginning of the month, we find her 

 at llh. A.M. on the 29th on the edge of the narrow northern strip 

 of Scorpio, and this she leaves at 8 o'clock the same evening for 

 Ophiuchus. At 1 o'clock in the afternoon of the 31st she has 

 quilted Ophiuchus for Sagittarius, and is, of course, in Sagittarius 

 when the mouth closes. 



The London Stereoscopic Company purpose holding their Third 

 Annual International Amateur Photographic Exhibition in October 

 next, when a sum of 501. in cash and a number of gold, silver, and 

 bronze medals will be oifered as prizes. Captain W. de W. Abney, 

 F.R.S., as president, and the editors of the Camera magazine and 

 of the Amateur I'hotoffraj/hcr have undertaken to act as judges, 

 together with two to be a23pointed by the plebiscite of the exhibi- 

 tion. _ The exhibition is under the patronage of several influential 

 amateurs. The whole of the entrance fees will be given in full to the 

 Photographers' Benevolent Association, and we think this idea of the 

 Stereoscopic Company a good one ; for while so many wealthy persons 

 are interested in the art, it is well that they should from time to 

 time be reminded of the existence of their less fortunate professional 

 brethren. All particulars relating to the exhibition can be obtained 

 by application to the Company's Secretary, 108 and 110 Regent 

 Street, London, W. 



Contents 



p.^GE 



Stialtespeare's Poems 169 



Science and Religion 171 



The Story of Creation : a Plain Ac- 

 count of Evolution. ByE. Clodd 173 



The Oil Stores of America 176 



CIothes-Mothfl and their Allies. By 



E. A. Butler 177 



Tne Southern Skies 180 



The One Scale Atlas 181 



The Wild Winds. By "Stella 



Occidcns" 182 



Notes on Americanisms. By 



Richard A. Proctor 183 



•• Don't 1 " 185 



OF No. 20. 



PAGE 



The Japanese Magic Mirror. By 



Dr. R. F. Hutchinsou 185 



Our Puzzles (Solutions) 186 



" The .'■cience of Thouglit." By F. 



Max MUUer 187 



Gossip. By Richard A. Proctor . . 188 



Reviews 189 



Our Whist Column. By " Five of 



Clubs" 189 



The Face of the Sky for June. By 



F.R.A.S l!'l 



Our Chesi Column. By "Me- 



phisto" 191 



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To auy address in the United Kingdom, the Continent, Canada, United States, 

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