122 SOCIAL EVOLUTION 



groups living in the caverns of the south of France and 

 the Pyrenees. We find that they now begin to make 

 clothes out of skins. You can see in the British 

 Museum to-day some of the bone needles they made 

 and used. They learn how to strike fire from flint. 

 They develop a skill in art; and towards the close of 

 this ''cave period" w^e find quite clever carvings in 

 ivory (tusks of miammoth), and drawings on stone, 

 bone, and ivory. In short, the pace of human 

 progress was enormously quickened dtuing the 

 coldest period of the Ice Age, and it was virtually a 

 new race that spread over Europe when the ice and 

 snow disappeared. 



Social evolution had begun. Families were forced 

 to live together by the very nature of their new 

 homes. This would lead to greater and greater efforts 

 to communicate with each other. From the struc- 

 ture of the jaws of man before the Ice Age we can 

 fairly gather that he had no articulate speech. Lan- 

 guage of a crude kind seems to have been evolved 

 in the caverns. Men could exchange ideas, to some 

 extent; and the clash or contrast of different cultures 

 is the great secret of human progress. "Struggle" is 

 necessary. But those who think that it must be a 

 struggle of weapons and muscles, or of greed and 

 selfishness, are hopelessly unscientific. The struggle 

 of ideas and ideals in a perfectly harmonious group 

 is enough. 



The main advantage of social life and communica- 



