726 NIEUHOFr's BRAZIL. 



One is called the northern, and the other thefouthern entrance. From the laft extends 

 a rocky ridge as far as Cabo Blanco, and within the river lies a fand-bank quite crofs 

 to the fort Margaret. This river is very fliallow during the fummer time, but in the 

 winter feafon the waters rife to that height that they overflow all the adjacent country, 

 fometimes to the great lofs of men and cattle. 



Two leagues beyond this river to the north, is a bay which affords a very fafe 

 flation to the largeft fhips. It is by the Portuguefe called Porto Lucena, and by the 

 Dutch the Red Land, the grounds being red hereabout. There is very good anchor- 

 age here at five and fix fathom water, and the country near it affords very good frefh 

 water, which is the reafon why the Dutch fhips bound for Holland from the Receif, 

 ufed to flay for one another*s coming in this bay, and to provide fhemfelves with frefh 

 water. 



Half a league farther to the north, under 6° 34', the river Mongoapa, or Mon- 

 goanawapy, exonerates itfelf into the fea. This river is much larger towards its fource 

 than at the mouth, the banks on both fides being full of briars, bufhes, and Manga- 

 trees. Before its entrance lies a receif, and at the very mouth two dangerous fand- 

 banks ; it has three fathom water at low tide. 



About two fmall leagues to the north of the river Mongoapa, is a bay called by the 

 Portuguefe Bahia de Treycano, or Treafon, where at about a league diflant from the 

 fhore, is eleven or twelve fathom water. Five leagues to the north of this bay, you 

 meet with the river Barra Conguon or Konayo, which is fcarce paffable for yatchts. 

 About a league and a half from thence is a large bay of about two leagues in length, 

 called Pernambuko ; and five leagues beyond it to the north, the river Jan de Sta, 

 or Eflau. 



The natives of Parayba inhabit about feven villages, the chiefelf of which is called 

 Pinda Una, which in 1634 contained about fifteen hundred inhabitants, whereas each 

 of the others had fcarce three hundred ; each of thefe comprehending not above five or 

 fix very long buildings, with a great many doors, but very fmall ones. 



The chief commodities of this captainfhip are fugar, brazil-wood, tobacco, hides, 

 cotton, and fuch like. The fugar-reeds did bear extremely well, becaufe they were 

 tranfplanted into frefh grounds. Whilfl the diflrift of Parayba was under our jurif- 

 didion, there were above one and twenty fugar-mills on both fides of the banks of 

 the river, eighteen of which fent away every year four thoufand chefls of fugar. Near 

 the river-fide, the country is low and plain, but not far from thence rifes by degrees, 

 and affords a very agreeable variety of hills and valleys. The flat country, which is 

 alfo the mofl fertile, is diftinguifhed into feveral divifions, fome of which have borrowed 

 their names from fmall rivers which run through them ; as for infl:ance, Gramamma, 

 Tapoa, Tibery, Ingeby, Monguappe, Increry, Kamaratuba, and feveral more. All 

 thofe countries are extremely fertile, occafioned by the overflowing of the river 

 Parayba. Their products are fugar, barley, turkey-wheat, potatoes, ananas, coco- 

 nuts, melons, oranges, citrons, bananas, pakovas, markomas, cucumbers, and all 

 other neceffaries for the fuflenance of. men and beafls. They have here a kind of 

 wild pears, called kajous, which are very juicy and well tafled ; within is a certain 

 bean or fmall nut, the rind of which is bitter, but the kernel fweet if roafled in the 

 afhes. The pear is very cooling, but the nut has a contrary quality. 



Towards the end of November 1634, the Dutch undertook the expedition againft 

 Parayba, their forces being embarked in thirty-two fhips under the command of 

 Colonels Schoppe, Artisjofki, Hinderfon, Stachouwer, and Carpentier. The whole 

 fleet was divided into two fquadrons, the firft confifled of one and twenty fhips, in which 



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