NUPHAR 



polysSpalum, Engelm. Larger than N. advena, [the 

 Ivs. three-fi.urths ivs broad as long, erect in shallow 

 water anil floating in deep water: fls. 4-5 in. across, 

 yellow, the sepals 8-12, and the petals 12-18 and broad. 

 N. Calif., northward and east to the Rockies. 



NURSERY 1097 



which began in western New York and extended west- 



1495. Nuphar ad' 



(XK). 



lilteum, Sibth. & Smith. European Yellow Lily. 

 Lvs. cordate-ovate, floating or rising little above the 

 water: fls. yellow, somewhat fragrant, smaller than 

 those of JV. iidnena, the sepals H, and the petals very 

 numerous: stigma 10-30-rayed. Europe. 



Bu. Phiul shinhr, often delicate. 



V. ,,»,»;/,/»,, DC). Slender: lvs. 

 wj:. Willi H '1' I |i Niiiiis and spreading lobes: 

 less iii-ri'^s. y<-liM\v : stigmas 8-12, prominently 

 Eu. — Hy iSentliara considered to be a form of 



minimum 



Kalmiinum, R.Br. {N. thteum of American authors, 

 at least in part) . Slender, with prominent submerged or- 

 bicular, lettuce-like lvs., and the emersed ones floating, 

 and only 3 or 4 in. long: fl. 1 in. or less across, yellow, 

 with .") sepals, and thin spatulate petals: stigmas 6-7. 

 N. Y., west and south. — A very interesting plant. 



AA. Z/Cs. Imig-xatjitldtt! or narrow-oblong: southern. 



sagittseJdlium, I'ursh. Rather stout: emersed Ivs. 

 filiating, about 1 ft. Imi:; ami 2-3 in. wide: submerged 

 Ivs. similar in sliapi-, numerous: Hs. 1 in. across, yellow, 

 till- sepals -). the imiiiN spatiiLifr : stigmas 11-1,-j. 

 Southern Indiana and Illinois ^M„tl,uanl. l. h. B. 



NURSERY: in horti.-ulinr-. an i lalilislnnent for the 

 rearing of plants. I'l-i- i. , 

 rearing of any kind "i i ! 



is restricted to an estiiih ■ i > 

 of hardy, more partiiulu . . > ■" 

 cause of the early and Ki.-ai ut-v 

 and tree planting and the relati' 



In North America the nursery business, as wc now 

 know it, is practically an institution of the present 

 century, although there were nurseries more than a 

 century ago (see Vol. IL p. 766). As early as 1768, 

 according to .1. H. Hale, the New York Society for Pro- 

 motion of Arts awarded Thomas Young a premium of 

 iin for the largest number of apple trees, the number 

 lining 27,123. But the large trading nursery developed 

 simultaneously with the great orchard planting industry 



ii ■ r> exists for the 



\ nierica the word 



' I to the growing 



I I Hits. This is be- 



..|.iiieiit of orcharding 



iuf requeucy of glass 



ward, and, i 



The only avai 

 range of the Uiti 

 published in Bull< 

 for 1890), bv J. : 



the southward. 



the general 

 ^H are those 



nsus (figures 

 inierated the 

 mi acres and 



Items of 4,.")10 nui-' n. - . .-- n;; m:- l,"J mh 

 representing a valuation of i(!4i,ll78,8:.l."i..'^0. The total 

 capital invested was about $52,500,000. These establish- 

 ments employed 45,657 men, 2,279 women, and 14,200 



I, i.i ',.,,..,,, , ; :. ,, ,. :,!,,,■ that each 



i^:,. :, . ;,m!. .. ; ••:• i , I •• , ll,r SUljjeCt Of 



II' ■ ■ ■: ."■ !■■ ■ i ' ; I 'i- I'l-iipagator; 



\r . |..,. : ,^ I, I ,, .1 .,!.,■ IN a liiiiMlrr.l l uis llved to 

 hi I .1, I I .! lo tlie Imyer. It has been esti- 



iii . . i ii I i. I i i - s now standing In orchards in 



111. I . - I - 11111.1100,000, or less than half the 



iiimiiIm I' Lr..«;iiL' Hi III. nurseries in 1890. The elements 

 of less are many. Ijut the greater part of the failures 

 occur after the stock has passed to the hands of the 

 final purchaser. 



The largest nursery center of North America, con- 

 sidering the number of persenu e„...,^.,.,| .,,,,1 the variety 

 of stock grown, is western N. > ^ ■ i ' ri.. Iieadquarters 

 of this industry is Rochesii i ~, , \ ) ,.,/.■. Nearly 

 one-ninth of all thenurseri' ■ i m in 1890 were 



in New York state, and tie -e , laiiii I imiils employed 

 a capital of over $12,000,000. Very extensive nursery 

 enterprises are now established in many other parts of 

 the country, and it is probable that the center of the 

 nursery business will move westward. 



In America, nursery stock is grown on a large scalp. 

 This is particularly true of fruit trees. These trees are 

 to be set in wide and open orchards, and the nursery 

 practices are therefore very unlike those which obtain 

 in Europe. In the latter country, for example, fruit 

 trees are trained in the nursery row to assume definite 

 shapes. Some are trained for standards,— to grow to 

 one straight, bare trunk. Others are trained tor bush 

 specimens, some for growiiu' "ii walls and espaliers, 

 some with round heads, sena \;it|i .anaal lieads, and 

 the like. It is the pride .ii '.in nnrseryinan, 



however, that his rows shall i i ! ^ \ en and uni- 



form. Any break in this mill 1 II 111 i ■ "n-,iiiered to be 

 a blemish. If every tree could be a dui>licate of every 

 other, his ideal would be attained. Ordinarily, fruit 

 trees are trained to single stems, the top starting at two 

 or three feet from the ground. All fruit trees are bud- 

 ded or grafted. In lie' nM* r jaii ~ ..f llie r..iiiiti \ . bud- 

 ding is much pref. i 1 1 1 ' .: I -: . I I" I L' the 

 apple was aconma. i ■ . ,,,,-:■. l,ut 



it has gradually ^i '■ .•■ i" i ii.j ..la, i a top 



is supplied with one wliuU aliens, leei. in ihi western 

 states, however, root-grafting is still popular, partly 

 because more than one tree may be made from an indi- 

 vidual root, and paitly because it allows the operator to 

 use a long cion and to put the foster root far below the 

 surface, thereby allowing the cion to send out its own 

 roots and causing the tree to become own-rooted and to 

 have a known hardiness. 



There are many dise.ases and diirifulties in the grow- 

 ing of all I,-Ii.i- -r 1 III-, r^ -l.ul,. Til. IIP. -I V, i.!i -|;n-ad 



grow niair. .a . I , , , - a,, r . , ■ a ■ ', aa i. id 



results. Ill ,,a I, a; 1 1 -nally 



considered liial lun.i ulueli lia.-, Iieeir Ini.l a, lie refure 



unfit for the growiug of other fruit stock until it shall 

 have rested in clover or other crops for a period of five 

 years or more. Ornamental stock is often grown con- 

 tinuously on the same land with good results, even when 

 the same species is grown. This is largely due to the 

 fact that ornamental stock is sold by its size and not by 

 its age, and therefore rapidity of growth is not so im- 

 portant as it is in the case of fruit trees. It has been 

 MMiiiiKiil fliat this necessity of rotation is due to the 

 I \liau^iii.n el certain plant-food elements from the soil. 

 It lia- lieeii f.iund by careful experiments, however, that 



