PARASITE 



and the broom-rape. Members of the first class are ac- 

 tive photosynthetically, and may manufacture their own 

 carbonaceous material from CO2 and water, while mem- 

 bers of the second class must receive all or nearly all 

 similar foods from the host. There are all gradations 

 between Parasites and saprophytes; there are plants 

 parasitic at one stage and saprophytic at another, and 

 there are those which are at once parasitic and sapro- 

 phytic. B. M. Ddggab. 



PABASOL, CHINESE. Slerculia plalanifoUa. 

 PARASOL FIB or THEE. Sciadopiti/s rerticillata. 



PAKK 



1211 



PAEASOL PINE. Pimis Pine 

 PAEDANTHUS. See Belemca 



Ida. 



PAEIS (name discussed below). Herb Paris. Lo\-e 

 Apple. Lilh'icete. Everyone who knows and loves a 

 Trillium will 1m* interested in the Herb Paris, which 

 differs fnin u Tiilliura in having its floral parts in 

 4's in^trail "1 il'^. There are about 8 species alto- 

 gether, iiii'l 111 N im- of them the floral parts are in 

 higher nunili.rs than four. They resemble Trilliums in 

 being small, hardy, rhizomatous plants, found in moun- 

 tainous countries of the north temperate zone, and even 

 in the arctic regions. Also they have a single whorl 

 of Ivs. at the top of the scape and a single flower, but 

 in Paris the outer perianth segments are more herba- 

 ceous and calj-x-like, while the inner ones are much 

 narrower and less showy, being mere strips of petal or 



The name Paris is an interesting one. The berry of 

 the plant is compared to the apple of discord, while the 

 four leaves surrounding it are likened to Paris and the 

 three envious goddesses, Juno, Minerva and Venus. 

 Others think the name is derived from par, equal, refer- 

 ring to till' agreement in number between leaves and 

 floral parts. 



qaadrildlia, Linn. Herb Paris. Tbc^ Love. Height 

 9-12 in.: Ivs. netted-veined (very exceptional aiiiMiii.' 

 monocotyledons): peduncle rising 1-2 in. abov, 

 perianth segments yellowish green, the 4 inu' i 

 rather more yellow: berry bluish black. Rarely n 

 and floral parts are in o's. The dominant Eur : 

 type, scattered all over Eu. and Siberia from the Antir 

 circle to the Alediterranean, in woods and shady places, 

 but usually very local. Fls. in spring or early summer. 

 Gn. 31, p. 165.— Not advertised in America at present. 

 W. M. 



PAEIS DAISY. Chri/santhemum frtitescens. 



PAElTIUM tiliacetun is referred to Hibiscus in this 

 work. It is a handsome shrub or small tree, of 10 to 30 

 feet, bearing considerable general resemblance to the 

 cotton plant, for which travelers have sometimes mis- 

 taken it. In Porto Rico it is often planted for hedges 

 along roadsides, anil is very abundant in waste places 

 near the sea. It was already widely distributed in 

 America in prehistoric times, and has now been intro- 

 duced throughout the tropics. 



It is valued for its very strong bast fiber, which has 

 much similarity to jute, but differs in the peculiar prop- 

 erty of maintaining or even increasing its strength 

 after long maceration in water. The extraction of the 

 fiber for the manufacture of cordage and other pur- 

 poses offers no special difficulties. It has also been 

 recommended for paper-making. At present it is uti- 

 lized in Porto Rico for domestic purposes only, aU the 

 home-made ropes being twisted from it. The conditions 

 are, however, very favorable for the cultivation of 

 fmajiifiun on a large scale, should more extensive indus- 

 trial uses be found for it. O p Cook. 



PABK. Plate XXV. A tract of considerable size set 

 apart primarily for enjoyment. Meaning originally, in 

 England, a place for the preservation of deer for the 

 chase, the word is oft«n used now to denote the land- 

 scape character commonly associated with such deer 

 parks. In the United States, when the original signifi- 

 cation is meant, the word is modified, as deer park, 

 game park, etc. As a type of landscape the park is 

 characterized by comparatively broad stretches of pas- 



ture lying between irregularly and rather widely spaced 

 masses of tree foliage. It is extremely simple and quiet 

 in character, and while it often contains many other 

 elements, such as ponds or runniii:: ^^atl■r. tlnrkcts of 

 bushes under the trees or occasicmally out -landing, 

 houses, bridees or other artificial sti unini -, tli.;>e fea- 



scene c-aii i" ;. -I i i-aally park-like. 



Prii-'ii r i to country houses, in America, 



areusuali ause they have, or are intended 



to have, ^ r h ihl: .1 iliis park -like type of scenery. A 



place departing very widely from this type is called, 

 according to its character, a wood or grove, a garden, a 

 farm, ormore vaguely by the general term country-place. 



Public Parks are so called, not because their scenery 

 is necessarily of the type y.iii).. 1 1 a--- 'iated with the 

 word "park," but becaus< ' 1, ,1 Parks were 



the most notable public 1 : :- of English 



cities at the time when tin _ , .1 the need of 



making municipal provisiou iir ti.i oauioor recreation 

 of their growing populations. The earliest important 

 pleasure grounds of municipal construction were based 

 upon these and upen private parks as models, and the 

 name *' park " came to be so attached to municipal under- 

 takings in the way of outdoor recreation, that it is now 

 almost indiscriminately applied to any tract of land set 

 apart for public enjoyment, regardless of the kind of 

 enjoyment or flu- character of its scenery; but the best 



usage a|! • •■ - the meaning of public park to 



a tract I : . leaving the lesser spaces to 



be call' : lis, playgrounds, places, etc. 



Another ;.(■ word in America is its ap- 



plication ; .... , ■■■L ...lid in the West, many square 

 miles in extt-nt, either set apart by government, as 

 Yellowstone Park, or naturally distinguished by the 

 presence of comparatively gentle grazing land in the 

 midst of rougher country. "Park" is also used in a 

 more general way to indicate the general purpose of any 

 open land devoted to public recreation, or of the organi- 

 zation controlling it, etc., as "park system," "park de- 



' ' lily contains parks of 



my smaller pleasure 

 ill be made, but the 



- - iial.lv distinct tvpes, 



>-^ ..'. :._...,..,..:.„: .....; ; ...iicss, its own merits and 



its own limitations. lu practice the lines between these 

 types cannot be distinctly drawn, but poor results are 

 often due to losing sight of the distinct and often con- 

 flicting motives which have given rise to these types. 



I. Tlte large niral Park (Plate XXV. Figs. 1641-31, 

 generally from 200 to 1,000 acres, is in most cases the 

 chief feature of a city park system. It is seldom under- 

 taken except by large cities or cities so rapidly growing 

 that the need of such provision can be clearly foreseen. 

 Its main object is to provide conveniently in some de- 

 cree lor the inhabitants of large cities that sort of rec- 

 reation which is to be obtained by strolling or driving 

 in a pleasant country district. There is no doubt that 



It of beautiftil natural scenery is to the 

 city dwellers one of the most refreshing 

 antidotes for the wearing influences of city life. Where 

 cities are of moderate size and are surrounded by a 

 beautiful country district, this enjoyment is readily 

 accessible to the mass of the population, and it has for- 



