PHORMIUM 



srarlet, but in natural forms varying almost to pure 

 yrllow; perianth 18-21 lines lonix. B.iM. :h1',)9. (in. 50, 

 p. 369. A. F. 13:748. R.H. 1848:.-.. V. i:!:::4(l. (in. 2C, 

 p. 397. — Var. atropurpireum has niMish piuplc foliage. 

 K.H. 1877, p. 389. Var. atropurpureum variegatum is 

 alleged to be a "veritable fountain i.f whiti-, piirple and 

 rose color." Var. nigio-plctum {^'. puri>ureum nigra- 

 limlmtum, Hort. Saul?). Lvs. deep green, with a nar- 

 row margin of blackish purple, which becomes broader 



PHOTOGRAPHY 



1313 



1767. Phoni um tenax 



and more distinct towards the base, making in mature 

 plants a zigzag line which outlines the 2-ranked habit 

 of the Ivs. Var. variegatum has fls. striped creamy 

 yellow and wliitr. R.H. l.sTs. p. 8G. Var. Veitchianum 

 (var. r ' ' /w :iii'i /'. I ' ' '"/y^Hm, Hort.) has broad 

 creaniN - i : , - : ^n-en ground. A.P.5:39. 



ThelyiM ,1 j ' . I the red margin and the 



varil■^,':ll. 'I liiriM- :nr :ill - 1 1 1 :i I Irr than the type. 



AA. Lrs. 'i-/'- ill. wide, scarcely split at apex. 



Cookiinum, Le .Ii.lis. A smaller plant: Ivs. 2-3 ft. 



lun:;; sfjq.c ;i-(i ft. hii^h: perianth 12-15 lines long, yol- 



lii'.vir tli:in the above. Var. Taiieg^tuzn has yellowish 



white stripes. P.M. 1874:112. • ■^y. ji. 



PHOSPHATE. This word is often used by farmers 

 a^i syiM.nynious with eoniniereial fertilizers. Consult 

 J-'crliliti/, fertilizers and Manures. 



PHOTfNIA (Greek, p*o^f(«o.9, shining; alludingto the 

 shining foliage). Including /Te^erome/cs and Pourthima. 

 Rostlce<v, tribe Pbmetr. Ornamental evergreen or de- 

 ciduous shrubs, with alternate, usually serrate Ivs., 

 white fls. in sometimes very large corymbs, and very dec- 

 orative red or scarlet fr. The evergreen species are ten- 

 der in N. Eng., and bear only a few degrees of frost; but 

 the deciduous P. viUosa is hardy asfarnorth as Massa- 

 chusetts, and is very conspicuous in fall by the scarlet 

 fall coloring of the foliage and afterwards by the 

 numerous scarlet fruits, which retain their bright color 

 until midwinter and are not eaten by birds. Of the 

 evergreen species, P. arbutifolia, which is very similar 

 to P. semilula and aUo to P. 5r?a6ra, is the best known; 

 it is a very striking object in winter, with its large 

 clusters of bright red fr. ripening in December and 

 contrasting well with the glossy dark green foliage. 

 The Photinias arc not very particular as to soil, but 

 thrive best in a rather light, sandy loam, and the de- 

 ciduous ones prefer sunny positions. Prop, by seeds 

 or by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass and 

 by layers ; also by grafting on hawthorn or quince. 

 About 20 species distributed from Japan and China to 

 India and Java, 2 species in Calif, and Mex. Shrubs, 

 rarely small trees with stipulate Ivs.: fls. in corymbs or 

 short panicles; petals 5, orbicular; stamens 10-20; 

 styles 2, rarely 3 or 4, connate at the base: fr. a small 



1- or 2-seeded pome. Closelv allied to the Aria group of 

 Sorlms and only distinguished by the top of the fr. 

 being rounded and hollow. 



A. Syrs. ilcciiluous : fls. in corymbs. 



villdaa, DC. (P. variabilis, Hemsl. Pourtltiwa 

 rillosu, Decne. Svrbus termin&lis, Hort.). Upright 

 shrub, to 15 ft., with slender spreading or upright 

 branches: Ivs. short-petioled, broadly obovate to oblong, 

 cuneate, acuminate, sharply serrate, dark green and 

 glabrous above, more or less imbesccml. tieneath when 

 young, lM-3 in. long: Us. \-liii.. m 1 ' -l' in. broad, 

 glabrous or villous corymli- -ln.rt lateral 



branchlets: peduncles w:n i . i '.; in. long, 



bright scarlet. June. J:i|.iti, ' ■ 1:1 '..I'. 1:(;7. — A 

 very variable species. \;ir. l;i-vis, t,< imI. \P. hrvis, 

 DC. P«»(W7M>aar<7«to, Hoit.i, li.i- i,,ui.,Hrr Ivs., only 

 sparingly pubescent when vmmil' :iriil --ni.ii gIal)roiis, 

 gIal)rous inflorescences and mhh. whjt l:iri;rr fr. U.K. 

 4:377. 

 AA. Lvs. evergreen, glabrous: fls. in large panicles 



serrulita, Lindl. (P. glAbra, var. Chininsis, Maxim. 

 Crafwgus gldbra, Sims, not Thunb.). Shrub, to 20 ft.: 

 Ivs. with petioles about 1 -in. long, oblong, usually 



panicles to 6 in. broad: fls. H in. across; stamens 20: 

 fr. globose, H in. across, red. May-July. China. B.M. 

 2105. L.B.C. 3:248. Stands fairly well in Washington. 



glabra, Maxim. (Cratmgus glabra, T\mnh.). Shrub, 

 to 8 ft.: Ivs. on about K-in. long petioles, elliptic or 

 obovate to oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, acumi- 

 nate, serrulate, 2-4 in. long: panicles 2—1 in. across: 

 fls. H in. across; stamens 20: fr. subglobose, red. May- 

 July. China, Japan. 



arbutifdlia, Lindl. {Rcteromehs arbutifblia, Roem. 

 Crathgus arbutifolia. Ait.). Toyon. Tollon. Shrub or 

 small tree, to 20 ft.: young branches and inflorescences 

 usually tonientulose : lvs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 

 acute at both ends, sharply serrate, shining above, 2-4 

 in. long: fls. white, in 2-5-in. broad panicles; stamens 

 10 : fr. bright red, Y, in. across. June, July. Calif. 

 S.S. 3:193. B.R. G:491. -Called Chri.stmas Berry in 

 (\ilif.. whrre the fruits are much used for Christmas 



Eriobotrya Japoniua. 



Alfked ReUder. 



PHOTOGRAPHY, HOBTICULTUEAL. Plate XXIX. 

 As a means of description and of record, photography 

 is of great importance to horticulture in all its branches. 

 A reference to magazines and to trade catalogues of the 

 day shows a growing use of the "half-tone" engraving 

 process; and these engravings are merely photographs 

 transferred to a copper plate, and by means of minute 

 chemically-etched dots given a printing surface for the 

 typographic press. Many other illustrations — notably 

 many in this Cyclopedia — are adapted from or drawn 

 directly from photographs. In iiL- tli. n . ULivived by an- 

 other photographic efchinj.' ; ' III zinc. To a 

 limited extent, photograpli- 1: 1 < I on the pre- 

 pared surface of hoxwoo.l K' 1 : . a in lieu of a 

 drawing as a skft.-li f"r tlin ■ :, . r. 



Everv i-vi'.-r m ~i:ii-.', ,.i.| ;.- ;.■,!• ural college 



finds ii'i i-l ■ ■ ■ ■ .;.l - ■: . !■ - .liun.-t both to 



itsreconl- .. i : ; i ^ ■• ' i i 1 Ih^ botanist, 



photograpli} pir.\i.|i~ (.Mill :(ii uiiirni.ly :i''.'iir:ite means 

 of recording plant details, and of portraying the appear- 

 ance of the growing plant in its habitat. A photographic 

 herbarium represents the living plant more adequately 

 than the usual dried specimens. Some of the larger 

 nursery and seed establishments are also coming to 

 maintain photographic equipments, in order that they 

 may readily preserve views of the varieties which it 

 is desired to advertise. In horticultural journalism 

 photography is of prime importance. In advanced 

 collegiate institutions and at the meetings of various 

 progressive horticultural societies and in.stitutes, the 

 presentation of photographs by means of the stereopti- 



