isfer, Hnlepensis 



PINUS 



in their native liabitats tliey usually nnupv thp 

 fertile situations, as dry uplands and ^ in \' ] ! 

 Some, as P. riijida, Cubensis and Tail i > 



botli in dry and in swampy ground. /' 

 very unliappily named, since it almost i 



swaiups. Pines are much used for tli 



barren sandy plains and dry roclty mouutaiii si 

 For seaside plantiuR P. insifiiiii,, Pin 

 and also P. rigida are valuable. 



Pines cannot be transplanted successfully when old 

 on account of their long tap-roots, and only younger 

 nursery-grown trees should be used for planting. As 

 tliey cannot usually be taken up with a good ball of 

 earth, it is well to immerse the roots in a loam puddle 

 iiunvediately after the trees are dug up. Pines are 

 propagated by seeds sown in spring either in prepared 

 beds or frames or in boxes or pans; the seeds should be 

 covered only slightly with fine soil, but the larger ones 

 about a (juarter of an inch, and the young seedlings 

 sliaded and watered when necessary. Varieties and 

 rarer kin<ls are grafted on their types or allied species, 

 usually by veneer-grafting on potted stock in the green- 

 house in winter. Cuttings even of the dwarf forms 

 do not root readily; the easiest to root are young shoots 

 with primary foliage, as they sometimes appear on 

 older branches or on the trunk. 



The Pines belong' to the most important timber trees 



A>hil\ l'„:lu!n ,,;; air: .' . ■ ■•■, .'i:. ■ ■ ' I I ■ i n :, 1 ii v ;. , 



P. tj-u'l.sa. From li:- - ■ •■ ,...■• .■ ,,,,,,,-, 



species, chiefly P. /'" . ' /' li 



epensis and lont/ifi'ln- , ., 



obtained. An essenti:il "li u-i li im .1 1. m:..!:\ i - ri i-i ill, ,i 

 from the Ivs. and young shoots of sevi-ral species. 

 Edible seeds are produced by some species, in America 

 bv P. erlitlis and cembroides; in Europe by P. Pinea and 

 Crwl,,:,. in E. India by P. G.riinludia. Mats similar 



t.i !■..■..., ir:,!- ;,m- 1 1 i : i k i , fn ■ I I ; i'. .1 frMlll the IVS. Of P. 



P'l'" 1' ' • ■-• mattresses is made 



Al ,""• -i iiMiAii. .h-i 1 il.uted through the 



iiorili' lii li- uii-j,!.. ir iiuiii ili*_^ aieiic circle to Mexico 

 and tile WV-.^t hiilit s, X. Africa and the Malayan Archi- 

 ]iel!i^'o; in the tnipii-al and subtropical regions they are 

 conliiied to the mountains. Resinous trees, rarely 

 shrubs; wintcrbuds covered with imbricate scales: Ivs. 

 of 2 kinds; the pritnary Ivs. are spirally arranged and 

 as they appear on young seedling plants and occasion- 

 ally on shoots from the old wood, are green and 

 subulate, but i-cniiiHinly they are reduced to small 

 scarious brnii - "'■ 1 1 i'l .: in ili' ii- a ,i;< the acicular, semi- 

 tereto or trial - :..• l.niie on an unde- 



veloped br;iii' : . . a I , 1,1 „'-.-,. rarely reduced 



to 1. snrri.iiiia -I :' i. -a , i, '-■:,\hs of 8-12 hud- 



PINUS 



1347 



numerous spirally 

 of a small bract ai 

 base (Pig. 18111: ■ 



ciich in the axil 

 Is inside near the 



li' cylindric, with 



1 Ih i'iia. iiiiitiiritv and 



tigbtlyencli.Miia ilii .,.,1-. v, iual, aia^ ii-ii:ill; riiriiished 



less or sh.ii"t-«i.ia.al; th.- ii|" k .•! 111.- ■,. lilas is usually 



usually rhombic in outliim and termed apophysis, is 

 often ])rotracteil into pr'iminent bosses or knobs; the 

 apophysis is tertiiiuated bv the umlio, usuallv differing 

 in color and ending m.-stlv in a spine or t)rii'kle. In P. 

 .S7mbi(s and the alii. -.1 ■ i ■ ■!, . t la ,1 .-,1, i i-. Hat and 

 thin, and bears the -i !iii|..-rend, 



while in most other I' iliiekened 



and transversally k.-. ;, ,| aai 1. ar- tia ;:il..> in the 

 miiidle. These differences l>iloiig to tlie Ma.st impor- 

 tant characters in the grouping of the species : other val- 

 uable characters are furnished by the structure of the 

 ivs., which contain either 1 or 2 flbro-vascular bundles 



and usually 2 or more resin-ducts, being either pe- 

 ripheral, i. e., situated beneath the epidermis; or par- 

 enchymatous, i. e., enclosed by the tissue of the leaf; 

 or internal, i. e., near the fibro-vascular bundles; 

 strengthening cells, i. e., cells with thickened walls, are 



1815. Pinus Strobus. 



Leaf with a single fitiro-v.isciUar bundle (a), usually 



two peripheral resiu-ducts ^b)■. strengthening cells If) 



only beneath the epidermis ; stomata (d) only on the 



mostly present beneath the epidermis and often sur- 



r.iunil tla la ill .-Iiiat . -1.1111 tiia. - al-.. along the fibro- 

 va^.-iilai- ! ■ " ~ r '-'" '-I- 'Phenumberof 



'III. ■■- .■:'!. I a -■•.!!. i' •■'■: I magnifying 



glass in liiiii .la.-.-, -a i-iii.iia niaili -.iiih a sharp razor 

 from the inidiUe of the leaf aud placed on a glass-plate. 

 In the following enumeration the species are grouped 

 according to Mayr's classification, with a few slight 

 changes; his names of his sections, however, are 

 omitted, since they are mostly not well chosen, and the 

 sectional and subsectional names of Engelmann sub- 

 stituted as far as his groups could be brought in accord- 

 ance with those of Mayr. To fa.;ilifiit.- tin' determination 

 of the cultivated spech-s a i.. I ai.. n 1 . .1. 1. rinine 



plants without cones, (i I " : ind in 



Sargent, Silva of N. Ami 11. I I .. >.-rip- 



tionof the genus Pinus; i,a . .1.. I .... 1 ..... I .. ... i.iii.um; 

 Forbes. Pinetum Woburniii.-i . Ai.i.'iia. iJn t ..nileren. 

 For the horticultural vars. see Heissner, Kadelholz- 



ndles (a) : several 



lengthening cells (c) 



beneath the epi- 



kunde and the new edition by A. H. Kent of Veitch's 

 Manual of the Conif-ne. -\n...!i._- ..thar iin!,..vta!it works 

 may be mention. -. I I' \ ' ..-.-..... r.,.i.. i,.ia.-al des 

 Coniferes, 2d . 1 ; " I Die 



Waldungen von N 1 . 1 lantl's 



Die NatUrlichen I 'iL-.i .-. .. 1 a.-, .li... il 'I'. ... I. \ i.i.-iliing, 

 pages 70-7i (Leiferung :! and -11; (J. Ens;.-lniann's Rc- 

 Tisiou of the Genus Pinus, in Transactions of the 

 Academy of Science of St. Louis published in 1880; 

 Maxwell T. Masters in Journal of the Linnean Society, 

 volumes 22 (188G) and 27 (1889); Conifer Conference in 

 Journal Royal Horticultural Society, volume 14 (1892). 

 For a fuller account of the relative value of species of 

 Pinus and their culture, see Pine. 



