nops 



QUERCUS 



erect catkins with 4-7-parte(l calyx and 4-12, usually 6, 

 stamens; pistillate in 1-many-fld. spikes in the axils of 

 the young Ivs., rarely at the base of the axillary stami- 

 nate catkins, each flower consisting of an incompletely 

 3-celled ovary, surrounded by imbricate 

 bracts: fr. a 1-seeded subglobose to oblong 

 nut, surrounded at the base or sometimes al- 

 most inclosed by a cup-like involucre. 

 The numerous species have been divided 

 ■ II American spe- 

 clong to the sub- 

 . l.M'i'l'iSi.il.ui I- '.'■/,....< is Greek for 



'! . !. !, , 1. rized by slender, 



: I :ii-». separate axil- 



|.i -I ill I'. -|i;<.. - I'hi ;i c-up consisting of 

 !- ..f varic.u^ ^hapi.- but not connate into 

 s. (,>. (leiixiflorn belongs to Pasania, 

 li has erect staminate catkins, some bear- 

 lislillate lis. at their base, like the catkins 

 'astanea. Oyclobalanus and Cyclobala- 

 is have the scales of the cup connate into 

 putric rings ; the intiorescence of the tirst 

 bein? similar to that of Pasania, of the second 

 to L.Mii.l.ilialaiiiis. Chlamydobalanus is much 

 lik.- I ., ,,i, iiinii-. but the nut is wholly in- 

 clii ; lie cup. Of Lithocarpus, 



Witt, I I ,1 1, .Mjnnate with the cup, but 



oihrr .; i 111., Ill, last iiaini'd subgenus, no 

 sp,-c_-i.-s is in I'ullivaii.ii. Ih,' ,:(k-.of the 

 subgenus Lepidobalni i, !: ilid into 



two sections, — Leu,,, h ^[(■Ianoba- 



lanus. In the fonin r. hiiii-iiil' ihf- White 



Oak tribe, the aconi> niauni- lin- lirst year 



(Fig. 2039). In the latter, comprising the 



Black Oaks, the acorns mature the second 



year (Fig. 2040). Besides the 300 species, 



about 40 hybrids have been recorded. The 



latest monograph of the whole genus is by 



A. De('and..llf in Proilromus, vol. 16, 2, pp. 



1-10,S ( 18t;4-180.S). Important illustrated works 



i.-aii I )alis an- A. .Michaux. "Histoire des Chenes de 



I'Ain, I "ii, 1 -"1 I. with 36 plates; Kellogg and Greene, 



•11 I W.st American Oaks" (1889), with 37 



l.lr -.,' , ^ilva of North America," vol. 8 (1895), 



Willi -J ; I ,1, - .11,1 Liebmann, "Chenes de I'Amerique 



iropii-ali- I li^uiii, with 47 plates. Most of the European 



and west Asian Oaks are figured in Kotsehy, Eichen 



Kuropas und des Orients (1862), with 40 colored plates. 



1477 



wagons, tools and many other articles. The bark of 

 some species, in America that of Q. rchitiiia, Priniis 

 and densiflora, is used for tanning leather. Cork is 

 obtained from the bark of Q. Siiber and ficrirJeiilalin in 



2041. Leaves and acorns of \ arious Oalts 



Phellos; S, Q. alba: S. Q. velutina: 4. Q nibra o Q Pn 



G, Q. macrocarpa; 7, Q. bicolnr. 



I Amer- 



l-fruited oak— 

 Quercus velutina ( X H) - 

 The mature aeomisboiTie 



The Oaks comprise some of the most important forest 

 trees of the northern hemisphere. The wood of most 

 species is strong, tough, hard and durable, and highly 

 valued for many purposes, especially ship-building, 

 constniction, for furniture, and in the manufacture of 



